독일 공업화의 전개과정과 특징적 양상, 1850년~1913년
The Process and Peculiarities of the German Industrialization 1850~1913
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본 논문은 1850년～1913년 독일 공업화의 전개과정과 특징적 양상을 거시적 측면에서 분석하였다. 또한 분석대상 시기를 1850년～1873년의 “상승국면”, 1874년～1895년의 “정체국면”, 1896년～1913년의 “상승국면”으로 구분하여 기간별 특징을 분석하였다. 독일 공업화의 핵심 요인은 기술진보였다. 자본생산성은 정체한 데 비해 노동생산성은 연평균 1.5% 상승하였다. 1870년대부터는 제조업 투자가 성장을 주도했고 교통수단의 발달과 비농업용 주택 건설도 중요한 역할을 하였다. 석탄산업은 공업화의 초석이었으며, 생산재산업이 특히 급성장하였다. 독일 대학의 효과적인 기술교육, 정부의 기술연구소 설립, 주립은행의 자금투입 등도 급속한 공업화의 필수조건이었다. 더욱이 독일은 후발공업국으로서의 이익도 충분히 향유하였다. 1880년경부터 카르텔화 과정에서 카르텔과 보호관세가 결합되면서 기업들은 경쟁력을 강화하였다. 철도, 전신, 전화 등 교통 및 통신수단의 발달은 생산성 향상의 부산물이었을 뿐 아니라 그 전제조건이기도 하였다. 상업적 보험제도의 발달, 은행의 영향력 강화, 중앙은행 및 겸업은행제도의 등장도 공업화의 중요한 전제조건이었다. 그러나 설립공황을 계기로 농업 및 공업관세 도입, 사회주의 조직결성 금지, 각종 사회보장정책 실시 등 경제정책의 대전환을 도모하게 되면서 독일은 “국가사회주의”로의 길로 접어들었고, 결국 독일의 자유주의 시대는 끝나고 말았다.
Abstract
This paper analyses the macroeconomic aspects of the process and peculiarities during the German industrialization from 1850 to 1913. For the purpose of this it divides this period into three phases of business cycle; upswing of 1850~1873, downturn of 1874~1895, upswing of 1896~1913. The main factor of the German industrialization during this period was the technological progress. The labour productivity has increased with annual rate of 1.5%, while the capital productivity was stagnant. The investment of manufactural industry has led the growth from 1870s, and the development of the transportation system and nonagricultural housing construction played an important role. The coal industry was positioned as the base of the industrialization, while the production goods industry experienced a very rapid growth. The efficient technology education of the universities, the governmental investment to the technological institutes, the fund investment of the state banks were also the necessary conditions of the rapid industrialization. Germany enjoyed also the benefit as a late comer. From 1880s cartels and protection tariffs were combined to produce the effect of improving the competitiveness of the big firms. The development of the traffic and communication system such as railway, telegraph, telephone were the important preconditions. The development of the commercial insurance system, the increased influence of the big banks, the rise of the central and universal banking system played also a decisive role for the German industrialization. But the great depression initiated by the financial crisis in 1873 has urged German government to take actions for the protection of agriculture and industry, the prohibition of the socialistic parties, the various social insurance policies leading to the end of the era of liberalism.
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