경제적 이륙과 산업정책 小考: 18세기부터 20세기까지
Economic Take-Off and Industrial Policy: From the 18th to the 20th Century
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한국과 대만의 예외적 선진국 진입은 산업혁명 이후 경제적 이륙에 대한 기존의 경제발전 및 경제성장론 논의가 재검토될 것을 요구한다. 본고는 그중 산업정책의 역할에 대하여 지난 250여 년간의 선진국 산업화역사를 중심으로 고찰하고 산업정책의 개념과 범주를 정리하고자 한다. 초기의 산업정책 개념은 일본의 부상을 이론적으로 설명하기 위하여 정부의 적극적 특정산업 육성 정책이 입법이나 행정에 의하여 공식화될 때만을 지칭하였으나, 최근에는 관세와 인프라 구축을 중심으로 한 산업정책이 18세기부터 운용되어왔고 대부분의 선진국이 경제적 이륙 과정에서 채택한 역사가 있음을 인식하여 보다 보편적인 개념이 통용되고 있다. 독일에서 기원하여 일본과 한국에서 전형적으로 보이는 수출규율형 중화학공업화 전략은 개발국가형 산업정책이라고도 불리는데, 전체 산업정책의 관점에서는 소수에 속하고 성공보다는 실패의 사례가 더 많은, 산업정책의 한 분야일 뿐이다.
Abstract
The exceptional entry of South Korea and Taiwan into advanced nations demands a reevaluation of existing discussions on economic development and growth since the Industrial Revolution. This paper aims to examine the role of industrial policy by focusing on the industrialization history of advanced nations over the past 250 years. It seeks to clarify the concept and categories of industrial policy. Initially, the concept of industrial policy referred only to active government policies officially formulated through legislation or administration to explain the theoretical aspects of Japan’s rise. However, recent perspectives recognize a more universal concept, acknowledging that industrial policies, mainly focused on tariffs and infrastructure development, have been in operation since the 18th century. Many advanced nations have adopted such strategies in their economic takeoff processes. Originating in Germany and typically observed in Japan and Korea, the export-led, centralized chemical industrialization strategy is also known as a developmental state-oriented industrial policy. From a broader perspective of industrial policy, it represents just one aspect with more instances of failure than success in the overall history of industrial policy.
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