일본의 사회적 협의와 노사정의 전략적 선택 변화
Changes in Japanese Social Concertation and Strategic Choices
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이 연구는 1970년대 이후 경험한 두 번의 경제위기에 대하여 일본의 노동조합, 사용자, 정부가 어떤 전략적 선택을 하였는지를 비교한다. 전략적 선택 결과 일본은 높은 노동조합 조직률이나 친 노동자 정당과 같은 조직적이고 제도적인 조건이 미비하였음에도 불구하고 사회적 협의를 형성·유지·발전시켰다. 본 연구는 일본의 사회적 협의 변화를 서술하는 데 그치지 않고 이론적 논의와 분석틀을 일본에 적용하여 일본의 사회적 협의가 발생하고 유지되는 근거를 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 사회적 협의를 둘러싼 신조합주의 이론을 집중적으로 검토하였다. 그리고 일본 사회적 협의의 형성과 유지를 설명하기 위해 전략적 시스템 론에 입각한 분석틀을 채택하였다. 연구방법론으로는 비교연구가 선정되었다, 분석틀에 따른 비교 연구를 위해 문헌연구와 인터뷰가 사용되었는데 인터뷰는 2000년대 변화된 전략적선택을 파악하는데 크게 유용하였다. 본고는 일본의 노사정이 경제위기를 하나의 자원으로 활용하면서 일방적 결정이나 양자 간 협력을 추구하는 대신 노사정간 협력을 전략적으로 선택하게 됨에 따라 일본의 사회적 협의가 가능하게 되었다고 주장한다. 이 주장의 타당성은 1970년대 사회적 협의와 2000년대 사회적 협의를 비교 분석할 경우 쉽게 찾을 수 있다. 두 시기 모두 일본에서 노조조직률은 서구 보다 훨씬 낮았으며 노조에 우호적인 정당이 집권하지도 않았다. 이러한 공통점에도 불구하고 일본의 노사정은 1970년대 경제위기시에는 임금억제, 고용유지, 물가억제를 중심으로 국가 수준의 사회적 협의를 형성한 반면 2000년대의 경우 노동시장 유연성 제고와 고용 불안정 해소를 중심으로 국가와 지역수준에서 사회적 협의를 진행하였다. 이 연구는 한국 경영학 연구에서 거의 다루어지지 않았던 일본의 사회적 협의를 분석하였는데 이는 한국의 연구자들이 일본 노사관계를 이해하는데 도움이 될 것이다. 또한 사회적 협의가 조직적·제도적 조건에 따라 결정되어지지 않았다는 점과 전략적 선택의 역할이 중요하다는 점을 밝혀 신조합주의 이론의 발전에 기여할 것이다.
Abstract
This research explores the changes in social concertation in Japan. When they faced economic crisis, Japanese social actors－unions, employers, and the government －took a strategic choice to form, maintain, and reformulate social concertation although they lacked its organizational and institutional conditions such as high union organizational rates and leftist parties. This makes Japanese social concertation as an exception and leads a number of European and American researches to investigate the reasons for social concertation. The Japanese case, however, has attracted few Korean researchers, which hinders the researchers from fully understanding industrial relations system in Japan. This paper attempts to look into the sources of Japanese social concertation by applying neo-corporatist theory and strategic IR system approach to the Japanese case. This paper adopts a comparative study as a main methodology in order to investigate the changes and sources of Japanese social concertation. As taking strategic IR system as an analytical framework, the paper does literature review and interviews in figuring out strategic choices among the social actors. From the investigation, this paper concludes that the Japanese social actors have been able to build social concertation as they transformed economic crisis into a resource helping them take a collaborative approach instead of bilateral or unilateral ones in the face of economic difficulties. The role of strategic choice appears more obvious when this paper compares social concertation in the 1970s and in the 2000s. The lack of organizational and institutional condition was the same. However, the economic context was changed as Japanese economy became further integrated into the world economy. Facing oil crises in the 1970s, the Japanese social actors at the national level decided to cooperate to restrain wages, hold inflation, and maintain full employment. Experiencing prolonged economic recession, the social actors found it necessary to build social concertation both at the national and at the regional levels to increase labor market flexibility and sustain employment stability. They were well aware of the fact that each actor is not able to handle economic difficulties alone. This research makes two contributions. First, it helps Korean researchers capture the changes in IR system in Japan. Secondly, it confirms the weakness of deterministic approach in neo-corporatist theory and emphasizes the importance of strategic choices. This is expected to provide incremental development to neo-corporatist theory.
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