고대 한국인의 중국 내 사원, 불상 조성과 중국 불교문화와의 관계 - 삼국∼통일신라시대를 중심으로-

Abstract

I studied about Buddhism activities of ancient Koreans, as centering around temples, caves, Buddha steles, grottoes which are existed, in China especially in Gan-su province(甘肅省), Shan-xi province(陝西省), He-nan province(河南省), Shan-xi province(山西省). First of all, I looked into Chongxuan temple(嵩顯禪寺) which was established by Ko Seung□(高乘□) who was local official at Jingchuanxian(涇川縣) in 509 and Koygurou(高句麗) descendants. Temples and stone steles aren't existed anymore, but through literature record, we can notice that Koygurou descendant who played an active part as local official and local officials of a minority race who inhabited local place established this temple. There are Yijunxian(宜君縣) Fudi cave(福地石窟) which was excavated in 535, Huanglingxian(黃陵縣) Xiangfang cave(香坊石窟) which was dated the latter period, Buddha stele which was inscribed as 548 in Huanglingxian(黃陵縣) and Buddha stele of the North and South dynasties in Lindongqu(臨潼區) in Shan-xi province(陝西省). I judged that these caves and Buddha steles were constructed by Koguryo people through their family names of people who gave alms to that temple. These caves and Buddha steles took very important part for grasping the style of Buddhist sculpture in Shan-xi province(陝西省) during North and South dynasties. Furthermore, there are also consequence for understanding living conditions of a minority race and religious activities that were distributed intensively this area. In He-nan province(河南省), I looked into caves and grottoes in Longmen caves(龍門石窟) that were excavated by people of Koguryo(高句麗), Pakche(百濟) and Shilla(신라). During North Wei dynasty, Koygurou descendants and their relation influences who holded real power constructed many grottoes inside Binyangnandong(貧陽南洞) and Guyangdong(古陽洞). They also contributed to form new Buddhist sculpture style in Luoyang area(洛陽). It was identified that nobles who were transferred by force from Koguryo and Pakche to Luoyang area constructed grottoes at Longmen caves in Tang dynasty. Buddhist sculpture and Cave which was constructed by Jajang(慈藏) fom the Unified Shilla Dynasty(統一新羅) are still existed. Shilla people followed intact Buddhist sculpture style like Luoyang area. In Shan-xi province(山西省), Heuk-chi-sang-ji(黑齒常之)‘s daughter and her husband of Pakche constructed the 15th Tianlongshan cave(天龍山石窟). One chinese scholar found out this fact recently, and I made it clear through analysis of existing stele contents. I clarified that Tianlongshan cave was excavated while her husband serviced as general in Taiyuan(太原) and the reason why they excavated it. For North and South dynasties, Korean who progressed Buddhist activities aggressively in China were Koygurou people by an absolute majority. They settled down local place by marriage alliance or deportation and kept culture of Koygurou. In those days, both nobles and common people participated in Buddhist activities, and there were many examples about the progresses of Buddhist rituals with the other a minority race. For Tang dynasty, many Koygurou and Pakche people inhabited in China by deportation, because of the falls of their nations. Therefore the social position who participated in Buddhist activities were mostly nobles. Finally ancient Korean sometimes followed chinese buddhist culture or sometimes created new buddhist culture.