천룡산석굴과 골굴석굴의 건축 연구

Abstract

Tianlongshan Grottoes, which was built over 200 years from the Bukje(北齊) period to the Tang Dynasty, is widely known for their beautiful sculptures. For us, it is a special place where our ancestors constructed grottoes in a foreign land more than 1,300 years ago. According to the records, the grottoes created by General Mulbusun and the daughter of Heukchi Sangji were considered to have 21 Gulsils(rooms) before the 2000s. However, currently, Chinese scholars claim that the number of the Gulsils was 15, which has been convincing. Tianlongshan Grottoes are very significant places: As for the formative history, it is meaningful to have identified Gulsil created by General Mulbusun and his wife. Historically, it is possible to grasp the performance of these couples who were Baekje refugees, and to understand the existence of the person named Mulbusun(勿 部 旬) and of the surname of Mullbu. Architecturally, among the Chinese stone caves, this is a good example of following a wood architecture style in that era. Eaves, Kongpoes, and pillars are carved on the front of the cave in three dimensions. Particularly, in the 16th cave, using the technique of Gwonsal in the lower part of Doogong is the first case in Chinese architecture. Although the early stage of Golgul grottoes is not clear, it can be inferred that the grottoes were built before the late nineteenth century when Golgul Maaebul statue was created, as being a legend that Golgul grottoes were the place of prayer for Wonhyo. At that time, as recorded in some travels of the late Joseon Dynasty, it is not known whether or not a wooden structure was installed on the front of the caves, but we can found that in spite of the prevalent idea of oppressing Buddhism and respecting Confucianism during Joseon Dynasty, Golgul Grottoes were maintained, which is a useful reference to studying cave temples. As the trend of the late Joseon Dynasty, unlike Tianlongshan grottoes, it seems that wooden structure was built on a rock wall in Golgul Grottoes. The style of Gulsils seems to have changed according to the times and places. Considering the stone caves of India and China, it can be assumed that wooden structures were either embossed or created in Korea.