토함산 석굴의 감실존상(龕室尊像) - 팔대보살의 형성과 배치를 중심으로 -

Abstract

According to Samgukyusa and others, Bulkuksa and Seokulam located in Mt. Toham in Kyungju, Kyungsangbuk-do were built by Daesang (Jungsi) Kim Daeseong (700~774) in Unified Shilla. It is said that he built Seokulam for parents of his previous life and Bulguksa for his contemporary parents. It took more than 20 years from 751. However, it is actually a comprehensive national project commissioned by the royal family of Unified Shilla and completed under the supervision of Kim Daeseong. That is, they built them on Mt. Toham where King Talhae was enshrined such as Seokulam on Gushout water on the mountain and Bulguksa on the foot of a mountain when King Talhae mentioned national security in the dream of Kimg Munmu who unified three nations in the middle of 8th century when they finished unification of three nations, completed the war with Tangand secured national stability. The image of bodhisattva in a tabernacle materializes the wish of the royal family who wanted to their land Buddha land, which was tainted because of war. It is composed of Grhapati Yuma who made us realize that purification of mind of bodhisattva (Shimjeong- 心淨)is not different from purification of Buddha Land (Tojeong- 土淨), the Bodhisattva of Wisdom and 8 great bodhisattva who practice Shimjeong (心淨)and Tojeong (土淨). The expression of Yumahoi has been beloved by Lay Buddhism especially by the ruling class and Tang established regulations. Although icons and distribution of 8 great bodhisattva follow rules of Seonmuoi (善無畏) of the middle of esoteric Buddhism, it also uses existing icons probably because it used Seonmuoi (善無畏) kyunggue which belongs to the previous stage when icons were established. Therefore, it comes to have original icons which we cannot see in India and China, and this tradition succeeds to the Painting of Amitabha Eight Great Bodhisattiva in Goyeo. In other words, tabernacle is composed of the Bodhisattva of Wisdom (The fifth Stature) and Grhapati Yuma (The sixth Stature) in Yumahoi, and 8 great bodhisattva in Esoteric Buddhism (the Bodhisattva of Wisdom at the second tabernacle, Maitreya at the third tabernacle, jegaejang bodhisattva at the fourth tabernacle, Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva at the seventh tabernacle, the Buddhist Goddess of Mercy at the eighth tabernacle, Keumgangsu Bodhisattva at the ninth tabernacle, and two images of Samantabhadra and Akãśa-garbha-bodhisattva are not currently in existence).