외국인직접투자가 국내기업의 노동소득분배율에 미치는 영향
The impact of Foreign Direct Investment on the Labor-Income Share of Domestic Firms
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본 연구는 2008~2018년 통계청 기업활동조사를 활용하여 외국인직접투자 유입이 기업수준의 노동소득분배율에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 그간 노동소득분배율과 관련된 거시지표나 산업별 통계를 이용한 접근방식에서 벗어나 기업단위의 패널데이터를 이용한 미시적인 접근으로 확대한다. 우리나라 외국인직접투자 유치실적은 지속적으로 증가하여 온 반면, 기업수준의 노동소득분배율은 감소하였으며 특히, 국내기업보다 외국인직접투자 기업에서의 노동소득분배율 감소현상은 더 크게 나타난 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 외국인직접투자 기업은 국내기업과 비교하여 생산성, 자본집약도, 1인당 평균임금이 더 높게 나타났다. 데이터 특성상 개별기업마다 보이지 않는 이질성이 FDI 및 통제변수와 체계적인 관계를 가지고 노동소득분배율에 영향을 미칠 수 있기 때문에 이를 통제하기 위해 패널기업고정효과(panel fixed effect) 모형을 적용하였다. 실증분석 결과 FDI, 자본집약도, 마크업, 수출의 증가는 기업의 노동소득분배율을 감소시키는 방향으로 유의미하게 나타났다. 산업별로는 제조업보다 노동집약적 특성을 가지고 있는 서비스업에서의 노동소득분배율 감소효과가 더 크게 나타났다. 반면, R&D투자변수의 경우 노동소득분배율을 증가시키는 변수로 작용하면서 FDI가 노동소득분배율 감소에 영향을 끼칠 때 감소크기를 상쇄하는 조절효과를 가진 것을 추가적으로 확인할 수 있었다.
Abstract
This study is the impact of FDI on the labor-income share using the firm-level data from 2008 to 2018 for Korea. It expands from an approach using macro indicators or industry-specific statistics related to the labor-income share to a micro approach using panel data at the firm-level. Korea’s foreign direct investment has continued to increase, while the labor-income share at the firm-level has decreased. In addition, it was confirmed that the decrease in the labor share in FDI firms was greater than that of local firms. On the other hand, foreign-invested firms showed higher productivity, capital intensity, and average wage per capita than local firms. As a result of empirical analysis, I find that FDI, capital intensity, markup and exports significant effect on the decrease in labor-income share. Characteristically, R&D investment variables acted only in the direction of increasing the labor-income share. By industry, the effect of reducing the labor share in the service sector is greater than in the manufacturing. In particular, the cross-term analysis with FDI showed to play a role in offsetting the decrease in the labor-income share.
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