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애덤 스미스의 경제발전 이론체계와 불균등성장

Adam Smith’s Theories of Economic Development and Uneven Growth

김광수
한국국제경제학회 (The Korea International Economic Association)|2023.06|국제경제연구 (KUKJE KYUNGJE YONGU)|제29권 제2호|pp. 1-33|DOI 10.17298/kky.2023.29.2.001

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키워드

제도경제발전Economic Development집적경제애덤 스미스Adam SmithAgglomeration EconomyInstitutions불균등성장인구지리Uneven GrowthDemo-geography
주제분류경제학

초록

근자에 경제성장과 관련된 정형화된 사실 가운데 하나는 역사적으로 따라잡기보다는 소득 및 성장률 격차 또는 경제불균등이 확산하고 있다는 점이다. 이에 관한 논쟁의 결과로서 경제성장의 근본적 동인에 대해 시장 내부요인 뿐만 아니라 제도적 요인과 공간지리에 주목하는 접근법이 부상했다. 본 연구는 애덤 스미스의 경제발전 이론체계가 경제성장과 불균등발전에 관한 현대적 논의의 기원이 되는 한편, 각각 특정 차원에 국한된 현대적 논의방식보다는 한층 더 풍부한 통찰력을 부여하고 있다는 점을 제시한다. 이 측면에서 스미스의 경제발전 이론체계는 시장경제력, 국가법제도 그리고 인구․지리의 다층적 하위이론으로 구성된 내생적 발전 모형이라는 점을 밝힌다. 시공간상 상호작용하는 이 세 가지 주요 요인은 생산비용, 거래비용, 운송비용에 결정적인 영향력을 행사하면서 한 나라의 경제성장 및 그 불균등성을 좌우한다. 본 연구는 이러한 다층적 이론체계에 근거해서 로마제국 붕괴 이후의 서유럽의 경제사와 근대 초기 잉글랜드의 선도적 경제성장에 대한 『국부론』의 사례를 면밀히 조명한다.

Abstract

In recent years one of the stylized facts related to economic growth is that income and growth divergences or economic inequalities between advanced and developing countries have been spreading rather than a historical catch-up process. As a result of the debate on this, an approach that focuses not only on key factors internal to the market itself, but also on institutional elements and spatial geography has emerged for what are the fundamental drivers of economic growth. This paper aims to show that Adam Smith’s theories of economic development preside over the modern discussion on economic growth and unequal development while at the same time giving a richer insight than the current approaches entangled in those specific dimensions. In this regard Smith’s theories of economic development are seen to be an endogenous model in his system consisting of multi-layered sub-theories of economic forces in the market, of legal institutions of the state, and of demo-geography. In Smith’s view, economic growth and inequalities depend on these main factors interacting in time and space that play a crucial role in how much production costs, transaction costs, and transport costs are incurred. Based on his multi-layered theories, this paper sheds close light both on the economic history of Western Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire and the first economic take-off in the early modern England in the Wealth of Nations.

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