사무엘 러더포드의 『법과 왕』에 나타난 언약신학
Covenant Theology in Samuel Rutherford’s Lex, Rex
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사무엘 러더포드(Samuel Rutherford, 1600-1661)는 누구 못지않게 언약신학을 정치의 영역에 적극적으로 적용한 신학자이다. 그의 정치적 언약신학은 1644년에 출판된 『법과 왕』에 잘 나타난다. 이 책에 제시되는 언약신학은 불링거, 칼빈, 베자, 프랑스 개신교의 저항사상, 알투시우스, 그리고 스코틀랜드 언약신학의 전통에다가, 영국내전이라는 시대상황이 맞물리면서 형성되었다. 러더포드는 『법과 왕』에서 자연법을 인정하며 자신의 논지를 뒷받침하는 증거로 자주 사용하고 있는데, 그의 자연법 이해는 멜랑흐톤과 칼빈의 그것과 일치한다. 또한 러더포드는 베자 등이 제시한 프랑스 개신교의 저항사상을 수용하여 요긴하게 활용하였다. 국왕언약, 국가언약, 엄숙동맹으로 이어지는 스코틀랜드 언약신학의 발전도 그에게 상당한 영향을 주었다. 그리고 찰스왕과 로드 주교의 고위 성직자 제도는 그의 언약신학을 과격화시켰다. 그러므로 우리는 러더포드 언약신학의 근원을 불링거와 알투시우스에게서만 찾는 환원주의적 경향을 지양해야 한다.
Abstract
Samuel Rutherford(1660-1661) was a theologian who applied covenant theology to the area of politics more actively than many others. The political aspect of his covenant theology was evident in Lex, Rex, which was published in 1644. The covenant theology presented in the book was shaped by various factors: Bullinger, Calvin, the resistance theory of Beza and the Huguenots, Althusius, the Scottish covenant theology, and the English Civil War. Rutherford’s concept of the law of nature, which was used as a piece of evidence in support of his thesis, was in line with Melanchthon’s and Calvin’s understanding. Moreover, Rutherford accepted the resistance theory of Beza and the French Protestants and made use of it. A series of covenants signed by the Scots, including the King’s Covenant, the Scottish National Covenant, and the Solemn League and Covenant, also influenced him greatly. Finally, his covenant theology was radicalized when King Charles and Archbishop Laud tried to imposed the prelacy on Scotland. Seen in this light, we need to beware of the reductionist tendency that finds the source of Rutherford’s covenant theology solely from Bullinger and Althusius.
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