행위언약과 『웨스트민스터 신앙고백서』
The Covenant of Works and the Westminster Confession of Faith
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이 논문은 웨스트민스터 신앙고백서에 나타난 행위언약의 기원, 발전, 그리고 은혜적 성격을 탐구한다. 칼 바르트와 홈즈 롤스톤 III의 비판에 반론을 제기하며, 행위언약이 16세기 개혁파 정통주의자들에 의해 새로 도입된 것이 아니라 초대 교회와 중세 교부들, 특히 이레니우스와 어거스틴에게서 기원을 찾을 수 있음을 강조한다. 칼빈을 포함한 종교개혁자들은 타락 전 하나님과 인간의 관계를 율법에 기반한 언약으로 이해했으며, 후대 청교도 신학자들에 의해 정교화되었다. 웨스트민스터 신앙고백서는 행위언약을 단순히 율법적이고 공로적인 것으로 보지 않고, 하나님의 자발적인 낮아짐과 은혜의 결과로 설명한다. 행위언약의 조건은 완전한 순종이며, 그 보상은 생명이다. 신앙고백서는 행위언약을 하나님과 아담 사이의 첫 번째 언약으로 묘사하고, 아담과 그의 후손들이 이 언약의 당사자임을 강조한다. 신앙고백서 7장과 19장은 행위언약의 은혜로운 성격을 강조하며, 하나님의 자발적 낮아짐을 통해 언약이 성립되었음을 보여준다. 존 볼과 같은 청교도 신학자들도 행위언약을 하나님의 값없는 은혜와 사랑의 언약으로 설명한다. 결론적으로, 행위언약의 개념은 초대 교회에서 시작되어 중세를 거쳐 종교개혁자들, 그리고 16세기 후반의 개혁파 정통주의자들에 의해 발전되었으며, 웨스트민스터 신앙고백서는 이를 성경적으로 설명하고 있다. 행위언약은 하나님과 인간 사이의 관계를 설명하는 중요한 신학적 개념으로, 은혜와 율법이 조화를 이루는 언약 신학의 핵심을 이루고 있음을 강조한다.
Abstract
This thesis explores the origin, development, and gracious nature of the covenant of works as presented in the Westminster Confession of Faith. It addresses the criticisms of Karl Barth and Holmes Rolston III, arguing that the covenant of works was not newly introduced by 16th-century Reformed orthodoxy but can be traced back to the early church and medieval theologians, particularly Irenaeus and Augustine. These early theologians acknowledged the role of human actions in pre-fall covenants. Reformers, including Calvin, understood the pre-fall relationship between God and humanity as a covenant based on law, a concept later refined by Puritan theologians. The Westminster Confession views the covenant of works not merely as legalistic and merit-based but as a result of God's voluntary condescension and grace. The covenant of works required perfect obedience, with life as its reward, emphasizing God's gracious nature. The Confession describes the covenant of works as the first covenant between God and Adam, with Adam and his descendants as parties to this covenant. Chapters 7 and 19 of the Confession emphasize the gracious character of the covenant of works, demonstrating that the covenant was established through God's voluntary condescension. Puritan theologians like John Ball also describe the covenant of works as an expression of God's gratuitous grace and love. In conclusion, the concept of the covenant of works originated in the early church, developed through the Middle Ages, and was refined by the Reformers and later 16th-century Reformed orthodox theologians. The Westminster Confession provides a biblical explanation of this covenant, presenting it as a crucial theological concept that balances grace and law, forming the core of covenant theology.
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