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스웨덴 시민자치의 지속가능성 고찰 : 다문화성 변인을 중심으로

Exploring the sustainability of Swedish civic governance under strong multiculturalism

최희경
한국 스칸디나비아학회 (The Scandinavian Society of Korea)|2023.12|스칸디나비아 연구 (Journal of the Scandinavian Society of Korea)|제32호|pp. 35-91

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참고문헌

키워드

시민단체공동체communityNGO시민사회civil society사회통합스웨덴Swedensocial integration이민정책immigration policy

초록

스웨덴 체제의 중요한 특징은 시민자치가 일상에서 적극적으로 행해지고 이것이 공공체제를 뒷받침하고 있다는 점이다. 본 연구는 스웨덴의 시민자치가 다문화성이 급증하는 환경에서도 지속될 수 있을 것인지 고찰한 것이다. 논문에서는 사유지를 이양하여 공유시설을 설치·운영하는 것과 같이, 공공행정에 준하는 시민단체의 활동에 초점을 두었다. 연구는 먼저 스웨덴 시민사회의 특성을 정리하고 시민자치의 기반인 정치적·사회적 참여 제도와 자율성 가치를 설명한다. 또한 다문화사회의 시티즌십 프로그램으로 이민자 정착 프로그램 및 지역사회의 자치 활동들을 탐색했다. 최근 30여 년 입국한 이민자들은 주로 중동과 아프리카의 이슬람권 출신이다. 자기관리와 자기책임으로 구현되는 자율성 가치를 치안, 교육성과, 근로성과 영역에서 검토한 결과, 기존 시민과 이민자들 간 격차가 컸다. 이민자 정착프로그램의 시민교육과 일상의 지역사회 활동으로는 시민자치 관리 역량을 학습하는 데 한계가 있다. 정부정책 기조도 중산층 원어민의 가치와 문화를 전제로 하는 경향이 있다. 최근 보수화된 이민정책과 사회통합정책으로 이민자들의 언어습득과 고용 지표는 개선될 것으로 보이나, 이것이 시민자치의 지속가능성으로 이어지기 위해서는 가치와 행태를 고려한 제도적 사회적 보완이 필요하다.

Abstract

This paper purports to explore whether civic governance in Sweden is sustainable under strong multiculturalism. The paper explains the role of civic associations in building and maintaining community facilities as if they were public agencies. The development of civic society is attributed to the value of autonomy and political/social institutions that promote civic participation. The article examines the official societal programs and voluntary community activities as citizenship courses in multicultural public housing areas. Autonomy values, consisting of self-management, self-responsibility, or active participation, can be inferred from crime rates, educational attainment, and employment situations. There are large gaps between native speakers and immigrants in each of these areas. This suggests that African and Middle Eastern Muslim newcomers may be less familiar with autonomy. It also suggests the difficulty of social integrity in a complicated multicultural world. The formal citizenship programs, as well as the day-to-day community activities for immigrants, will not work very well in an increasingly multicultural society. The recent hardline approach to immigration and integration policies will produce tangible short-term results in language acquisition and employment. However, these outcomes may not directly lead to an autonomous civic governance in the future.

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