명대 귀주성의 설치와 토착민의 저항

Abstract

The establishment of military bases called weisuo in the Guizhou region was part of the military actions taken by the Ming Dynasty at its beginning in order to expel the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty remaining in Yunan. During these actions, the importance of the Guizhou region’s position in transportation was taken into consideration. The actions of the early Ming Dynasty invited a chain of uprisings by indigenous peoples, which in turn led to a larger military base for suppressing the revolts. The Guizhou base remained despite the Ming Dynasty having secured Yunnan. The military administration there became an administrative rule in 1413 under the Yongle Emperor, when Guizhou Province was formally established and additional administrative substrata were established below the province level. The administrative function of Guizhou Province was, however, very limited. Guizhou remained autonomous even during the Yuan Dynasty, as indigenous people ruled the area. Following the precedents of the late dynasty, the Ming Dynasty adopted conciliatory measures toward collaborating regional elites by naming them as the native chieftain, or Tusi. Even after the establishment of Guizhou Province the administrative structure never became fully established, as sub-regional administration still remained in the hands of Tusi. It was too costly for the early Ming Dynasty in both military and economic contexts to deprive Tusi of sub-regional administrative power and to place the entire regional administration under their direct rule. As chances permitted, however, the Ming Dynasty ventured the risk by interfering in Tusi affairs, by limiting the Tusi‘s administrative area, or sometimes by exercising “gaitu guiliu,” repelling the Tusi system, and resorting to the general administrative system of the Ming Dynasty. From the standpoint of the indigenous people, they could not accept any measure which implied a disturbance of the status quo or interference in the existing order. They could not condone the rising taxes and corvee imposed by the Ming Dynasty. With only the exception of Tusi named by the the Ming Dynasty allowed to enjoy their Tusi privileges, all the regions under Tusi administration and regions which enjoyed autonomous rule by indigenous elites under no influence from above resorted to uprisings as a means of protest against the Ming Dynasty. The social cause of the uprisings remained still limited during the early Ming Period, as the mass immigration of Han Chinese into the Guizhou area was not yet fully implemented. The uprisings that started in the early Ming Period, however, heralded consistent and unabated uprisings by indigenous people, as is true of even the late Qing Period.