방법으로서의 중국과 ‘비판’의 문제에 관하여
China as Method and the Problem of Critique
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The primary aim of this study is to establish critiqueas the epistemological foundation of modernity, modernization, and the modern, and to address the contemporary crisis of critiquethat has become increasingly evident. As thinkers such as Jürgen Habermas and Michel Foucault have discussed, both critiqueand truthhave played a central role in shaping the epistemological and historical transformation that defines modernity and modernization. Following Habermas’s argument, the Western system of knowledge was constructed on the assumption that rational and universal truth could be attained through critique—that reasoned judgment arises from the critical process itself. Yet, as even Habermas later acknowledged, in the twenty-first century this belief in reaching rational truth through critique has entered a state of crisis, one that now manifests as a fundamental political crisis within liberal democracy. Against this background, this paper reexamines the long-standing intellectual tendency to seek an “alternative modernity” through the “method” of China, asking whether such attempts have been both valid and possible. If not, what kind of new epistemological framework should be established? By taking critiqueas the core concept grounding modernity and modernization, this study aims to explore new epistemological coordinates for rethinking contemporary transformations in China and to analyze their distinctive characteristics.
Abstract
The primary aim of this study is to establish critiqueas the epistemological foundation of modernity, modernization, and the modern, and to address the contemporary crisis of critiquethat has become increasingly evident. As thinkers such as Jürgen Habermas and Michel Foucault have discussed, both critiqueand truthhave played a central role in shaping the epistemological and historical transformation that defines modernity and modernization. Following Habermas’s argument, the Western system of knowledge was constructed on the assumption that rational and universal truth could be attained through critique—that reasoned judgment arises from the critical process itself. Yet, as even Habermas later acknowledged, in the twenty-first century this belief in reaching rational truth through critique has entered a state of crisis, one that now manifests as a fundamental political crisis within liberal democracy. Against this background, this paper reexamines the long-standing intellectual tendency to seek an “alternative modernity” through the “method” of China, asking whether such attempts have been both valid and possible. If not, what kind of new epistemological framework should be established? By taking critiqueas the core concept grounding modernity and modernization, this study aims to explore new epistemological coordinates for rethinking contemporary transformations in China and to analyze their distinctive characteristics.