일제강점기 강화 보문사 마애관음보살좌상연구

Abstract

The rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Ganghwa Bomunsa Temple is a giant rock-carved Buddhiststatue that was built in 1928 during the Japanese colonial era. Although it is a year-recorded Buddhist statue thatoccupies a prominent place in modern Korean Buddhist sculpture history, it has not been the subject of in-depthdiscussion due to weak research on modern Buddhist sculptures. In this study, to examine the various significant aspects of the rock-carved Seated Avalokiteśvara statue atBomunsa Temple as a modern Buddhist sculpture, I have managed to determine its construction year, artificers, andpatrons by deciphering the inscription around the rock-carved statue; in addition I have researched the effects ofthe rock shapes and landforms on the formation of the Buddhist statue by comparing and analyzing the points ofview of both artificers and worshipers. I have also identified the specific circumstances of the time of constructionfrom interviews with the descendants of artificers. A monk from Geumgangsan Mountain, Lee Hwaeung, took the role of sponsor and chief painter to constructthe rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Bomunsa temple. In the beginning of its construction in 1928, morethan 100 donators jointly sponsored the construction of the statue. Gansong Jeon Hyoungphil sponsored alone atthe time of the place of worship’s expansion in 1938. Bomunsa Temple has been regarded as one of the top-threesacred places of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva together with Naksansa Temple in Yang Yang and Boriam in Nam Hae,due to the construction of the rock-carved statue. It took about three months to construct the statue. Lee Hwaeung drew a rough sketch and then Un Songhagand five masons from Ganghwa Island took part in the carving process. We can observe the line drawing techniquearound the rock-carved statue because the statue was carved based on the rough sketch of the monk painter. Theaspect of Lee Hwaeung as a painter is revealed; therefore, we can identify the clue of painting pattern leading toSeogongchulyou- Hwaunghyoungjin- Ilonghyegag. The rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Bomunsa Temple is a typical Avalokiteśvara that wears ajeweled crown and holds Kundica . It makes a strong impression as it has a big square-shaped face and a short neckand is unsophisticated in general. The artificers solved the issue of visual distortion of the rock-carved statue causedby carving on a 10-meter high and 40-degree sloping rock by controlling motion to its maximum , omitting detailedexpression by emphasizing symmetry, and adjusting the head-to-body proportion to be almost one-to-one. In this study, especially, I presume the unified form of sacred sculptures and Buddhist altars, without makinga Buddhist altar like the rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Bomunsa Temple, to be a key characteristic ofmodern Buddhist sculptures. Furthermore, I make newly clear that the six letters of Sanskrit carved on nimbus,which had been interpreted as a Six-Syllable Mantra, are a combination with Jeongbeopgye and Sabang Mantras. Inaddition, three iron rings driven on eaves rock were used as a reference point, and after construction they were usedas a decoration for the Bodhisattva with hanging wind chimes.