일본 근현대 야마가타 하나마치의 형성과 전승 구조에 관한 연구

Abstract

This study examines diachronically how the formation and transmission structure of Hanakoji(花小路), a hanamachi in Yamagata City, Japan, was reorganized in response to social changes during the modern and contemporary periods. Drawing on historical documents, oral materials, and interviews with Yamagata Maiko, the study analyzes the transmission structure through three interrelated dimensions: transmission content, including dance, singing, shamisen, etiquette, and hospitality; transmission actors, including okiya, performing-arts instructors, senior geisha, and the company; and transmission spaces, including okiya, ryōtei, training venues, hotels, and local events. The findings indicate that, before World War II, the transmission of geisha culture was organized primarily around the okiya, where communal life, performing-arts training, business activities, and relationships with senior geisha were closely integrated. In the postwar period, this traditional foundation weakened as the number of okiya declined and demand for conventional banquet culture decreased. Since 1996, however, the Yamagata Maiko system and the Yamagata Traditional Performing Arts Promotion Co., Ltd. have reorganized the transmission system by combining open recruitment, employment, performing-arts training, performance activities, and support from the local community. This transformation represents neither a simple restoration of the traditional okiya nor its complete replacement by a corporate organization. Rather, functions formerly integrated within the okiya have been differentiated among multiple actors and spaces and subsequently recombined through a new organizational and community-based network. The Yamagata case thus demonstrates that the continuity of hanamachi tradition can be understood as a process of reorganizing transmission functions, actors, and spaces in response to changing social conditions.