Gender Stereotypes and Election Coverage in South Korea: An Exploratory Analysis in Presidential and Seoul Mayoral Elections
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
We explore how Korean media describe male and female politicians in high-profile elections. In western societies, there are competing views regarding media coverage of male and female politicians. The conventional view is that biased media coverage subjects women to gender stereotypes regarding the traits candidates exhibit and the issues on which women are competent to legislate. Yet, recent research contends that gendered differences are becoming less pronounced, and some studies even demonstrate that female politicians get more media coverage in areas that are stereotypically seen as masculine issues. The 2012 presidential election and multiple recent Seoul mayoral elections offer a unique opportunity to explore media coverage of male and female Korean politicians. Using a novel dataset of media coverage from the top five Korean newspapers, spanning four high-profile elections, we evaluate the presence of gendered media bias in Korean mayoral and presidential elections. Our original data analysis uncovers an interesting finding that female candidates consistently receive more coverage than their male competitors on stereotypically masculine traits and issue areas such as politics, economics, and international issues. This research represents one of the first attempts to examine the gendered nature of media coverage in Korea.
Abstract
We explore how Korean media describe male and female politicians in high-profile elections. In western societies, there are competing views regarding media coverage of male and female politicians. The conventional view is that biased media coverage subjects women to gender stereotypes regarding the traits candidates exhibit and the issues on which women are competent to legislate. Yet, recent research contends that gendered differences are becoming less pronounced, and some studies even demonstrate that female politicians get more media coverage in areas that are stereotypically seen as masculine issues. The 2012 presidential election and multiple recent Seoul mayoral elections offer a unique opportunity to explore media coverage of male and female Korean politicians. Using a novel dataset of media coverage from the top five Korean newspapers, spanning four high-profile elections, we evaluate the presence of gendered media bias in Korean mayoral and presidential elections. Our original data analysis uncovers an interesting finding that female candidates consistently receive more coverage than their male competitors on stereotypically masculine traits and issue areas such as politics, economics, and international issues. This research represents one of the first attempts to examine the gendered nature of media coverage in Korea.
참고문헌 (80)
- Aday, Sean., "Style over Substance: Newspaper Coverage of Elizabeth Dole’s Presidential Bid", The Harvard International Journal of Press, 2001, pp.6(2), 52~73
- Alexander, Amy C., "Change in Women’s Descriptive Representation and the Belief in Women’s Ability to Govern : A Virtuous Cycle", Politics & Gender, 8(4), pp.437~464 (2012)
- Alexander, Amy C., "How Robust is Muslim Support for Patriarchal Values? A Cross National, Multilevel Study", International Review of Sociology, 21, pp.249~276 (2011)
- Alexander, Deborah., "Gender as a Factor in the Attribution of Leadership Traits", Political Research Quarterly, 46(3), pp.527~545 (1993)
- Atkeson, Lonna Rae., "Press coverage of Mayoral Candidates : The Role of Gender in News Reporting and Campaign Issue Speech", Political Research Quarterly, 61(2), pp.239~252 (2008)
- "Candidates’ Women Pitch Sparks Rancor, Korea Herald" (2012)[URL]
- Barnes, Tiffany D., "Women’s Representation and Legislative Committee Appointments : The Case of the Argentine Provinces", Revista Uruguaya de Ciencia Política, 23(2), pp.135~163 (2014)
- Barnes, Tiffany D., "Engendering Legislative Behavior : Institutional Constraints and Collaboration" (2016), Cambridge University Press
- Barnes, Tiffany D., "Defending the Realm: The Appointment of Female Defense Ministers Worldwide", American Journal of Political Science
- Barnes, Tiffany D., "Gender Stereotypes and Corruption : How Candidates Affect Perceptions of Election Fraud", Politics & Gender, 10(3), pp.365~391 (2014)
- Bauer, Nichole M., "Emotional, Sensitive, and Unfit for Office? Gender Stereotype Activation and Support for Female Candidates", Political Psychology, 36(6), pp.691~708 (2015)
- Bauer, Nichole M., "Who Stereotypes Female Candidates? Identifying Individual Differences in Stereotype Reliance", Politics, Groups, & Identities, 3(1), pp.94~110 (2015)
- Nichole M. Bauer, "The Effects of Counterstereotypic Gender Strategies on Candidate Evaluations", Political Psychology (2016), Wiley-Blackwell[DOI]
- Burrell, Barbara C., "A Woman’s Place is in the House : Campaigns for Congress in the Feminist Era" (1994), University of Michigan Press
- Bystrom, Dianne G., "Framing the Fight an Analysis of Media Coverage of Female and Male Candidates in Primary Races for Governor and US Senate in 2000", American Behavioral Scientist, 44(12), pp.1999~2013 (2001)
- Carroll, Susan J., "Women, Media, and Politics, edited by Pippa Norris", pp.131~148 (1997), Oxford University Press
- 최영재, "정치인의 구체적 이미지, 자율적 해석, 지지도 효과 -대선 후보 이미지를 중심으로", 정치커뮤니케이션연구, (26), pp.183~214 (2012), 한국정치커뮤니케이션학회
- Chung, Eugene., "Statistics on the Use of Language in Korean Newspapers" (2013), Somyong
- Conroy, Meredith., "From Ferraro to Palin : Sexism in Media Coverage of Vice Presidential Candidates, Politics", Groups and Identities, 3(4), pp.573~591 (2015)
- Diekman, Amanda B., "Dynamic Stereotypes about Women and Men in Latin America and the United States", Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(2), pp.209~226 (2005)
- Diekman, Amanda B., "A Social Role Theory Perspective on Gender Gaps in Political Attitudes", Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34(4), pp.486~497 (2010)
- Dolan, Kathy., "Do Women Candidates Play to Gender Stereotypes? Do Men Candidates Play to Women? Candidate Sex and Issues Priorities on Campaign Websites", Political Research Quarterly, 58(1), pp.31~44 (2005)
- Escobar-Lemmon, Maria C., "Women Ministers in Latin American Government : When, Where, and Why?"", American Journal of Political Science, 49(4), pp.822~844 (2005)
- Escobar-Lemmon, Maria C., "Women in Presidential Cabinets : Power Players or Abundant Tokens?" (2016), Oxford University Press
- Escobar-Lemmon, Maria., "Just the Facts? Media Coverage of Female and Male High Court Appointees in Five Democracies", Politics & Gender, 12(2), pp.254~274 (2016)
- Fox, Richard L., "The Role of Candidate Sex in Voter Decision‐Making", Political Psychology, 19(2), pp.405~419 (2008)
- Fridkin, Kim L., "The Changing face of Representation : The Gender of U. S. Senators and Constituent Communications" (2015), University of Michigan Press
- Goodyear-Grant, Elizabeth., "Gendered News : Media Coverage and Electoral Politics in Canada" (2013), University of British Columbia Press
- Hayes, Danny., "A Non-Gendered Lens? Media, Voters, and Female Candidates in Contemporary Congressional Elections", Perspectives on Politics, 13(1), pp.95~118 (2015)
- Heath, Roseanna Michelle., "Women on the Sidelines : Women’s Representation on Committees in Latin American Legislatures", American Journal of Political Science, 49(2), pp.420~436 (2005)
- Heldman, Caroline., "‘She Brought Only a Skirt’ : Print Media Coverage of Elizabeth Dole’s Bid for the Republican Presidential Nomination", Political Communication, 22(3), pp.315~335 (2005)
- Herrnson, Paul S., "Women Running ‘As Women’ : Candidate Gender, Campaign Issues, and Votertargeting Strategies", Journal of Politics, 65(1), pp.244~255 (2003)
- Holman, Mirya R., "Sex, Stereotypes, and Security : An Experimental Study of the Effect of Crises on Assessments of Gender and Leadership", Journal of Women, Politics, and Policy, 32(3), pp.173~192 (2011)
- Holman, Mirya R., "Terrorist Threat Masculine Stereotypes, and Candidate Evaluations", Political Research Quarterly, 69(1), pp.134~147 (2016)
- Huddy, Leonie., "Gender Stereotypes and the Perception of Male and Female Candidates", American Journal of Political Science, 37(1), pp.119~147 (1993)
- Hyun, Kyung-Mi., "A Study on the News Frame of Female Politicians in Newspapers: Frame Analysis of Coverage on Female Candidates in 17th General Election", Media, Gender & Culture, 3, pp.38~72 (2005)
- "Women in National Parliaments" (2014)[URL]
- Iyengar, Shanto., "New Perspectives and Evidence on Political Communication and Campaign Effects", Annual Review of Psychology, 51(1), pp.149~169 (2000)
- Iyengar, Shanto., "To Be or Not to Be: Campaigning as a Woman, In Women, The Media and Politics", pp.77~98 (1996), Oxford University Press
- Jalazai, Farida., "Women Candidates and the Media : 1992-2000Elections", Politics & Policy, 34(3), pp.606~633 (2006)
- 정현욱, "여성정치인 관련 뉴스보도 수용에 관한 연구", 정치커뮤니케이션연구, (26), pp.153~181 (2012), 한국정치커뮤니케이션학회
- Kahn, Kim Fridkin., "The Political Consequences of Being a Woman : How Stereotypes Influence the Conduct and Consequences of Political Campaigns" (1996), Columbia University Press
- Kahn, Kim Fridkin., "Women Candidates in the News : An Examination of Gender Differences in US Senate Campaign Coverage", Public Opinion Quarterly, 55(2), pp.180~199 (1991)
- Kang, Won-Taek., "Change and Continuity in Korean Elections and Politics" (2010), Nanam
- 금희조, "전통적 성 고정관념과 여성 정치인에 대한 평가 - 미디어 이용의 역할을 중심으로 -", 한국방송학보, 22(1), pp.7~43 (2008), 한국방송학회
- 김훈순, "한국 언론의 젠더 프레임 - 범죄뉴스와 여성", 한국언론정보학보, 27, pp.63~91 (2004), 한국언론정보학회
- Kim, Ilhwan., "Handbook of"Trend 21"Corpus" (2013), Somyong
- Kim, Jung-gi., "Issues in Korean Journalism", pp.105~143 (2001), Bobmunsa
- 김선남, "매매춘 관련 TV 뉴스의 프레임 분석", 한국방송학보, 16(2), pp.41~76 (2002), 한국방송학회
- King, David., "Sex and the Grand Old Party : An Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Candidate Sex on Support for a Republican Candidate", American Politics Research, 3(6), pp.595~612 (2003)
- Kittilson, Miki Caul., "Gender, Candidate Portrayals and Election Campaigns : A Comparative Perspective", Politics & Gender, 4(3), pp.371~392 (2008)
- Koch, Jeffrey., "Candidate Gender and Assessments of Women Candidates", Social Science Quarterly, 80(1), pp.84~96 (1999)
- Krook, Mona Lena., "All the President’s Men? The Numbers and Portfolio Allocations of Female Cabinet Ministers", Journal of Politics, 74(3), pp.840~855 (2012)
- Lawless, Jennifer L., "Women, War, and Winning Elections : Gender Stereotyping in the Post-September 11th era", Political Research Quarterly, 57(3), pp.479~490 (2004)
- Lawrence, Regina G., "Hillary Clinton’s Race for the White House : Gender Politics and the Media on the Campaign Trail" (2010), Lynne Rienner Publishers
- Lee, Nae-Young., "Changing Korean Voter 4, Analysis of the 2010 Korean Local Election Panel Studies" (2011), The East Asia Institute
- "Activist Park Elected Seoul Mayor" (2011)[URL]
- Leeper, Mark Stephen., "The Impact of Prejudice on Female Candidates : An Experimental Look at Voter Inference", American Politics Quarterly, 19(2), pp.248~261 (1991)
- 임미영, "박근혜에 대한 보도 프레임 분석: 조선일보와 한겨레를 중심으로", 언론과학연구, 10(3), pp.457~498 (2010), 한국지역언론학회
- "The 5th Local Election Results in Korea" (2010)[URL]
- "The 4th Local Election Results in Korea" (2011)[URL]
- Niven, David., "Do Women and Men in Congress Cultivate Different Images? Evidence from Congressional Web Sites", Political Communication, 18(4), pp.395~405 (2001)
- O’Brien, Diana Z., "Letting Down the Ladder or Shutting the Door : Female Prime Ministers, Party Leaders, and Cabinet Members", Politics & Gender, 11(4), pp.689~717 (2015)
- Palmer, Barbara., "Breaking the Political Glass Ceiling : Women and Congressional Elections" (2010), Routledge
- "Is South Korea Ready for ‘Madam President’?”" (2012)[URL]
- Park, Se Jung., "Expanding the Presidential Debate by Tweeting : The 2012 Presidential Election Debate in South Korea", Telematics and Informatics, 33(2), pp.557~556 (2016)
- Paul, David., "Subtle Sexism? Examining Vote Preferences When Women Run Against Men for the Presidency", Journal of Women, Politics, and Policy, 29(4), pp.451~476 (2008)
- Rosenwasser, Shirley., "Gender Role and Political Office : Effects of Perceived Masculinity", Femininity of Candidate and Political Office, 1989, pp.13(1), 77~85
- Sanbonmatsu, Kira., "Gender Stereotypes and Vote Choice", American Journal of Political Science, 46(1), pp.20~34 (2002)
- Sapiro, Virginia., "If U.S. Senator Baker Were A Woman: An Experimental Study of Candidate Images", Political Psychology, 2(1-2), pp.61~83 (1981)
- Schneider, Monica C., "Measuring Stereotypes of Female Politicians", Political Psychology, 35(2), pp.245~266 (2013)
- Smith, Kevin B., "When All’s Fair : Signs of Parity in Media Coverage of Female Candidates", Political Communication, 14(1), pp.71~82 (1997)
- Swers, Michele L., "Women in the Club : Gender and Policy Making in the Senate" (2013), University of Chicago Press
- Wagner, Kevin, "I am Woman, Hear me Tweet? Gender Differences in the Use and Effectiveness of Twitter among Congressional Candidates", Journal of Women, Politics, and Policy
- Witt, Linda., "Running as a Woman : Gender and Power in American Politics" (1994), The Free Press
- 양정혜, "대중매체와 여성 정치인의 재현시사 월간지와 여성 월간지를 중심으로", 한국언론학보, 46(2), pp.452~484 (2002), 한국언론학회
- 윤영민, "텔레비전 뉴스의 대통령 후보 경선 보도 내용분석 - 박근혜 · 이명박 한나라당 후보를 중심으로", 한국방송학보, 22(4), pp.201~236 (2008), 한국방송학회
- Yoon, Youngmin., "A Cross-National Analysis of Election News Coverage of Female Candidates’ Bids for Presidential Nomination in the United States and South Korea", Asian Journal of Communication, 23(4), pp.420~427 (2013)
- 연지영, "성과 정치 리더십에 대한 언론 프레임 연구: 18대 대통령 선거 보도를 중심으로", 한국언론학보, 58(1), pp.199~225 (2014), 한국언론학회
- Yu, Sae-Kyung., "Lecture of Basic Journalism and Mass Communication", pp.421~447 (1997), Bumwoosa
