인간과 동물 사이 —아동문학의 동물 형상화 『버드나무 사이로 부는 바람』을 중심으로
Between Man and Animal: Figuration of Animals in Children’s Literature Focused on The Wind in the Willows
0
조회
0
다운로드
3
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
In “The Animal That Therefore I Am (More to Follow),” Derrida notices that he is being watched by his cat. He becomes ashamed of being naked in front of his cat. The sense of shame is a response to being reduced to the level of an animal. He is ashamed of being as naked as an animal. His next move is,therefore, to cover his nakedness from the gaze of his cat. By contrast, he realizes, the animal is not self-conscious of being naked and so does not shield its nudity. In a truer sense, then, the cat is not naked. Humans do not see animals for what they really are but what they project on them. Whereas the gap between man and animal is clearly identified by Derrida’s philosophical discourse, the possibility of going beyond the gap can be suggested by fantasy stories in children’s literature. Children’s literature in Britain arose in the eighteenth century with the revival of traditional fairy tales and growth of literary fairy tales. Romanticism in the early nineteenth century contributed to opening up a new horizon for the concept of the child,in which the child is no longer defined as the object to be tamed and childhood imagination is glorified as a powerful means to reach the higher state,the spiritual origin prior to separation of Man from the ‘thing-in-itself.’In The Wind in the Willows, animals talk and behave like humans. The anthropomorphic figuration of animals can be understood as a result of the one-sided projection of anthropocentric perspectives on animals rather than an interaction between humans and animals. Significant contradictions also emerge in this story, however, as traits particular to animals are vividly delineated even as the main didactic theme of good triumphing over evil reflects an anthropocentric projection on animals. An attempt to capture the true characteristics of animals and locate them in the text constitutes a remarkable achievement in The Wind in the Willows. This can be evaluated as an important step toward a more ecopocentric perspective on animals which appears in later children’s fantasies like Charlotte’s Web.
Abstract
In “The Animal That Therefore I Am (More to Follow),” Derrida notices that he is being watched by his cat. He becomes ashamed of being naked in front of his cat. The sense of shame is a response to being reduced to the level of an animal. He is ashamed of being as naked as an animal. His next move is,therefore, to cover his nakedness from the gaze of his cat. By contrast, he realizes, the animal is not self-conscious of being naked and so does not shield its nudity. In a truer sense, then, the cat is not naked. Humans do not see animals for what they really are but what they project on them. Whereas the gap between man and animal is clearly identified by Derrida’s philosophical discourse, the possibility of going beyond the gap can be suggested by fantasy stories in children’s literature. Children’s literature in Britain arose in the eighteenth century with the revival of traditional fairy tales and growth of literary fairy tales. Romanticism in the early nineteenth century contributed to opening up a new horizon for the concept of the child,in which the child is no longer defined as the object to be tamed and childhood imagination is glorified as a powerful means to reach the higher state,the spiritual origin prior to separation of Man from the ‘thing-in-itself.’In The Wind in the Willows, animals talk and behave like humans. The anthropomorphic figuration of animals can be understood as a result of the one-sided projection of anthropocentric perspectives on animals rather than an interaction between humans and animals. Significant contradictions also emerge in this story, however, as traits particular to animals are vividly delineated even as the main didactic theme of good triumphing over evil reflects an anthropocentric projection on animals. An attempt to capture the true characteristics of animals and locate them in the text constitutes a remarkable achievement in The Wind in the Willows. This can be evaluated as an important step toward a more ecopocentric perspective on animals which appears in later children’s fantasies like Charlotte’s Web.
참고문헌 (26)
- 강규한, "동물권리와 자연의 언어: 생태비평적 접근 -헤밍웨이의 노인과 바다, 리오폴드의 산처럼 생각하기, 스나이더의 야생의 실천, 이히마에라의 고래 타는 사람을 중심으로", 미국학, 29, pp.117~139 (2006), 미국학연구소
- Ariès, Philippe, "Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life" (1962), Vintage
- 전세재, "데리다에 나타난 동물의 시선과 인간의 부끄러움", 비평과이론, 9(1), pp.307~324 (2004), 한국비평이론학회
- Darcy, Jane, "The Representation of Nature in The Wind in the Willows and The Secret Garden", The Lion and the Unicorn, 19(2), pp.211~222 (1995)
- Darton, F. J, "Harvey. Children’ Books in England: Five Centuries of Social Life" (1958), Cambridge UP
- Derrida, Jacques, "The Animal That Therefore I Am (More to Follow)", Critical Inquiry, 28(2), pp.369~418 (2002)
- Derrida, Jacques, "'Eating Well,’or the Calculation of the Subject: An Interview with Jacques Derrida. In: Who Comes after the Subject?", pp.96~119 (1991), Routledge
- Edwards, Paul, "The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Vol 4" (1978), Macmillan
- Grahame, Kenneth, "The Wind in the Willows" (1908), Aladdin
- Green, Peter, "Kenneth Grahame: A Biography" (1959), World
- Greenblatt, Stephen, "The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 8th Edition. Vol. 2" (1962), Norton
- Hunt, Peter, "Dialogue and Dialectic: Language and Class in The Wind in the Willows", Children’s Literature, 16, pp.159~168 (1988)
- Kuznets, Lois R, "Kenneth Grahame and Father Nature, or Whither Blows The Wind in the Willows?", Children’s Literature, 16, pp.175~181 (1988)
- Lesnik-Oberstein, Karin, "Children’s Literature: Criticism and the Fictional Child" (1994), Clarendon P
- Marshall, Cynthia, "Bodies and Pleasures in The Wind in the Willows", Children’s Literature, 22, pp.58~69 (1994)
- Mendelson, Michael, "The Wind in the Willows and the Plotting of Contrast", Children’s Literature, 16, pp.127~144 (1988)
- Nikolajeva, Maria, "Aspects and Issues in the History of Children’ Literature" (1995), Greenwood
- Nodleman, Perry, "The Pleasures of Children’ Literature" (1992), Allyn and Bacon
- Phillip, Neil, "The Wind in the Willows: The Vitality of a Classic. In: Children and Their Books: A Celebration of the Work of Iona and Peter Opie", pp.299~316 (1989), Clarendon
- Rose, Jacqueline, "The Case of Peter Pan or The Impossibility of Children’s Fiction" (1984), U of Pennsylvania P
- Ryder, Richard D, "Animal Revolution:Changing Attitudes towards Specicesm" (1989), Basil Blackwell
- Singer,Peter, "Animal Liberation:A New Ethics for our Treatment of Animals" (1975), Random House
- Tolkien, J. R. R, "Tree and Leaf" (1964), George Allen & Unwin
- Townsend, John Rowe, "Written for Children: an Outline of English-Language Children’s Literature" (1965), Bodley Head
- White,E.B, "Charlotte’s Web" (1952), Harpercollins
- Wordsworth, William, "The Prelude 1799, 1805, 1850" (1850), Norton