唐代 天下의 의미-천하 관련 용어에 대한 고찰을 중심으로

Abstract

In the Tang dynasty, various terms indicated the territory of the dynasty. Some were terms used in previous dynasties, and included Wanguo of Huangdi, Jiuzhou of Xiawu, and Wufu of Zhou. In addition,diverse terms such as Huaxia , Zhongxia , Zhonghua , Zhuxia , Zhuhua ,Hanxia , and others were established in the relations with yidi ; terms combined with qu , yu , and huan , and with guo , bang , fang , and yu ,which could be classified into outside and inside; and the terms hai ,ying , and shuaitu , which were related to views of the world during the traditional period. During the Tang dynasty, Chinese classified Tianxia into Huaxia (Zhongxia ) and shusu (yidi ) from the viewpoint of culture and people,and classified Tianxia into Zhongguo and Fanguo (Waiyi ) from the viewpoint of the country. With relative concepts, the terms related to Tianxia corresponded to those related to Yidi , and other terms,including Tianxia , Wanguo , and Wanfang , were also used as concepts encompassing Huaxia and Yidi . The terms had a concept relative to yidi when being used in a narrow sense, but they also had a concept encompassing yidi when being used in a broad sense. The term Tianxia used by Tang dynasty people was believed to have meant the whole world. Actually, it was used in a narrow meaning in most cases but they used the term embracing Yidi only for a case related to yidi . Tianxia -related terms used in administration of the Tang dynasty were so limited that such terms as Tianxia as well as Sifang , Wanfang ,Wanguo , Shuaitu , and Zhongguo were used but many other Tianxia -related terms, such as Jiuzhou and Sihai , were not used as terms for administrative purposes. Even Jimi , the Zhouxian of Yidi , being in the territory of the Tang dynasty at that time, was not included in the administrative Tianxia because the narrow meaning of Tianxia was only restricted to the area under the power of Shengjiao. Tianxia in the Tang period only indicated the huaxia area within the dynasty’s territory and the reason why they exaggeratedly used the term Tianxia was based on their view of the world. 普天之下, 莫非王土;率土之濱, 莫非王臣, a view of the world mentioned in Shijing , it is understood that all the Tianxia was territory of the king (emperor) and all the people in the territory were his vassals. However, rulers of central district dynasties had to call the territory under their actual control Tianxia . In other words, as can be seen in titles like “Tianming ”or “Tianzi ,” the power of a king (emperor) was defined in the relations with “tian ” and, therefore, he had to call the area under his control Tianxia and, on the other hand, had to consider the area beyond his control as Yidi . Rulers in the Tang period called the area under their control Tianxia and referred to this internal area as “the center of …” or “inside of ...”in combination with such terms as jing , qu , fang , feng , yu , hai , and huan while they discriminated against other areas by referring to them as “outside of ....” For instance, rulers in the Tang period called the area under their control Tianxia and considered it as Hainei and therefore, even after they destroyed Koguryo, did not install a Zhengzhou in Zhou of Tianxia in the lands of Koguryo, but instead installed jimizhou where the power of Shengjiao did not reach. If rulers in the Tang period had originally deemed the territory of Koguryo as their own, they would have installed a zhengzhou instead of jimizhou . Accordingly, one may refer to Lizhengji, an independent jeoldosa , as a local government but there are no grounds to consider Koguryo, which lasted for a long period of time regardless of the rise and fall of the central dynasties, as a local government of such dynasties. In addition,investiture-tribute relations conducted by and between a central dynasty and a country outside Tianxia had to be international diplomacy of pre-modern East Asian societies.