7世紀初 唐의 對外戰爭 名分과 國際秩序

Abstract

This article examines characteristics of justification for warfare shown in the text of edicts (zhao) and commands (chi) in Tang China. During the seventh century the Tang, expanding outward, devoted large amounts of resources to establish a new international order. Emperor Yang undertook a series of military expedition against Koguryŏ to restore former Commanderies (jun) of Han, which finally triggered the overthrow of the Sui. But, under the reign Emperor Taizong of Tang, China had been at the center of eastern Eurasian world. When the Tang dynasty was established in 618, the memory of the Sui’s disastrous failures still rankled. Creating an eastern Eurasian world of multiple states, the Tang treated surrounding states as respected neighbors, they were vassal states of the past. Whereas the title of Heavenly Qaghan to mark his suzerainty over the nomadic and oasis peoples was largely significant. Taizong used the title to emphasize his vision of the empire as encompassing both the Chinese and barbarians. He proclaimed that the barbarians shared the ruler’s beneficent protection as the Chinese. Thus It would be possible for Taizong to justify intervention. Taizong also took the moral high ground to justify for warfare, claiming diaominfazui (military journey undertaken to sympathize with the people and punish the wicked). As Heavenly Qaghan, he showed empathy with hardships and privations of the common people in neighboring countries, thereby the target of strategy could be extended to neighboring states. The conquest of Gaochang was very significant step towards adding elements of history with justification of warfare. Notwithstanding dissent of government officials, Taizong claimed that the inhabitants of Gaochang had originally been “people of the Chinese dynasty” (zhongguoren) who had settled there in the Han, thus making it legitimately a part of the Chinese homeland that required direct rule. The idea conflated ethnic territory with dynastic territory evolved into territorial rights over lands had formerly been subject to previous Chinese dynasties. Taizong justified invasion and annexation to Koguryŏ by arguing that the territory used to be the four commanderies of Han.