파인랜드와 랑가 - 남아프리카연방의 정원도시 개발
Pinelands and Langa: The Development of South African Garden City
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이 논문은 남아프리카연방 정원도시의 양상을 분석하고 그 결과를 평가하기 위해 20세기 초반에 건설된 파인랜드와 랑가의 사례를 함께 살펴본다. 산업화 과정에서 발생한 도시 문제를 해결하기 위해 대안으로 제시된 정원도시가 영국의 전 식민지이자 인종 분리 사회인 남아프리카연방에 수출되면서, 본래의 사회주의 대안도시라는 취지와는 다른 차별적인 도시 구조를 만들어 내게 된 과정을 밝혔다. 파인랜드와 랑가는 모두 영국 정원도시와 직접적인 연결을 통해 건설되었으나, 영국의 원안과는 달리 계급적, 인종적으로 차별적인 공간을 형성하였다. 이는 두 도시의 건설 과정에서 탑다운식 의사결정과 진행, 인종분리 이념의 고수, 그리고 점차 진행되고 있던 아프리카 원주민에 대한 공간적 분리의 강화 등으로 인해 초래된 것이었다. 결과적으로 파인랜드와 랑가의 사례는 남아프리카연방의 정원도시 건설에서 지역 특성이나 지역민의 복지 보다는 제국 안에서의 식민지 교외 개발의 필요성이라는 맥락이 중시되었음을 보여준다.
Abstract
This paper discusses the development of the English Garden Cities in South African Union through the analysis of the construction of the two towns: Pinelands and Langa. The Garden City was originally suggested as a socialist community to answer the urban problems of industrialization. As the idea of garden city was exported, it had to tackle regional issues, which were, in the South African case, racial division and colonial environments. This thesis discusses how the creation of the Pinelands Garden City and Langa tried to address the paradox of social equality and colonial reality. Pinelands and Langa were both constructed under the direct consulting of English Garden City, but they both departed from the English precedents, resulting in socially divided and racially unequal communities. The top-down process of construction, racial prejudices, and the on-going spacial separation of the African natives all contributed. As a result, the South African cases of Pinelands and Langa were realized to fulfill colonial ideologies of suburban development under the wings of empire, rather than the needs and welfare of the local people.
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