신학적 유비(ἀναλογία)와 설교
Theological Analogy and Preaching
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본고는 설교의 본질적 성격과 방법론의 문제를 전통적인 신학적 유비(類比) 개념으로 다뤄 볼 것을 제안하고 있다. 필자는 설교는 근본적으로 그리고 모든 면에서 유비적임을 주장한다. 유비는 설교가 하나님의 말씀이면서 동시에 인간의 말이라는 역설 속에 담긴 가능성과 불가능성을 가장 압축적이고 포괄적으로 표현하기 때문이다. 설교의 유비적 성격은 설교의 자기이해와 방법론적 구성에 매우 어려운 과제를 떠맡기지만 동시에 설교가 하나님의 말씀으로 유지되기 위한 가장 정통적인 신학적 가이드라인을 제시해 줄 수가 있다. 설교의 유비적 이해를 제안하는 것은 현대의 설교적 상황과 설교이론들에서 발견되는 문제들 중 많은 것들이 설교의 유비적 특성을 이해하지 못하거나 충분히 고려하지 않은 데서 기인한다고 전제하는 것이다. 본고는 이 점을 인식시키기 위해 교회사를 통해 전개된 신학적 유비의 문제들을 개관하고 그 중에서도 가장 대표적이면서 체계적인 신학적 유비이론으로 토마스 아퀴나스(Thomas Aquinas)와 칼 바르트(Karl Barth)의 상반된 관점을 보다 집중적으로 조명한다. 본고가 실천적 관점에서 다소 사변적으로 보일 수 있는 신학이론들을 다루는 주된 이유는 설교 자체가 신학적 언어요 신학적 행위라는 전제와 함께 설교의 자기이해를 장구한 교회전통의 지혜에 근거할 필요가 있다는 문제의식 때문이다. 이것은 현대의 설교자들과 설교이론가들이 지나치게 동시대적이고 세속적인 가설과 논리에 휘둘린다는 우려에서 나온다. 필자는 일반적인 인식과 달리, 아퀴나스의 존재유비(analogia entis)와 바르트의 신앙유비(analogia fidei) 사이의 논리적 대치를 강조함으로 서로 대립적 관계로 보기보다 그 배후에서 공유되는 예배적 의도와 실천성에 주목하여 양자를 상호보완적 관계로 봄으로써 설교학적 방법론으로 유도한다. 신앙유비와 존재유비가 설교의 이해와 방법론 구성을 위해 어떤 가능성과 의의를 갖는지 분석설명하고 필자는 유비가 이론과 실천의 영역에서 보일 수 있는 차이를 검토하기 위해 현대의 대표적 설교학 이론들에서 다뤄지는 신학적 유비의 장단점을 비교분석한다. 이에 따라 현대 설교이론들이 자유주의나 복음주의를 가릴 것 없이 존재유비로 기울어지고 있음을 발견하고 그 불가피한 원인과 문제점을 설명한다. 마지막으로 필자는 신학적 유비가 설교방법론에 어떻게 기여할 수 있는지 그 기본적 방향을 제시한다.
Abstract
This is a suggestion to deal with the questions about the essential nature and methodology of preaching in terms of traditional concepts of theological analogy. The author claims that preaching is fundamentally analogical in its all aspects. Analogy expresses most compactly and comprehensively the possibility and impossibility implied by the paradox that sermon is at the same time the Word of God and the word of the human. The analogical nature of preaching makes difficult the self-understanding and methodological formation of preaching, on the one hand, and provides one of the most orthodox theological frames of reference to let sermon be the Word of God. To suggest an analogical understanding of preaching implies that many problems related to our contemporary preaching situations and theories are caused by the fact that they fail to understand or to consider sufficiently the analogical features of preaching. To help recognize that point, the article surveys the important ideas about theological analogy throughout the church history, especially focusing on Thomas Aquinas’ and Karl Barth’s views as the most representative and systematic theories of theological analogy. The primary reason that the article deals with the theological theories somewhat seemingly speculative to the practical perspective is because it has an assumption that preaching itself is a theological talk and act, and a belief that the self-understanding of preaching be based on the wisdoms emerging from the time-honored ecclesiastical traditions. This reason comes from the concern that today’s preachers and homiletic theorists are too much dominated by the contemporary and secular assumptions and logics. Against the general view, the author regards the relationship between Aquinas’ analogia entis and Barth’s analogia fidei as a mutually supplemental one by paying attention to their common worshipful intention behind their surface differences in terms of practical perspective, rather than as a mutually exclusive one by stressing the logical opposition between them in view of a mere theoretical aspect. By this, the author brings their principles into a practical methodology. Then, it is examined what cooperative possibilities and significances for the understanding and methodological formation the analogy of faith and the analogy of being may have. Then, the author surveys and analyses contemporary representative homiletic theories in their strengths and weaknesses, in order to understand another analogical connection, that between theories and praxis. Hereby the author finds that most of the contemporary homileticians tend to promote the analogy of being, whether consciously or unconsciously and whether liberal or evangelical, and gives some inevitable reasons for such a tendency and explanations for its problems. Lastly, the author suggests some possible aspects of the homiletic methodology based on the theological analogy.
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