근대 일본과 한국의 사회진화론과 아나키즘 연구 - 고토쿠 슈스이와 신채호를 중심으로 -

Abstract

The aim of this treatise is in researching Social-Darwinism and Anarchism shared between the intellectuals in both Modern Korea and Japan, with Sin Chae-Ho and Kotoku Shusui as the central figure. Fundamentally speaking, Social-Darwinism originated with Spencer who applied the law of the survival of the fittest of Darwin's theory of evolution to society. Kotoku Shusui, a representative Socialist in Japan, accepted and applied Darwin's concept of struggle and selection for existence to his society in early 20th century. He thought evolution of society could realize the ideal of Socialism. Differently, Shin Chae-Ho's concept is more like that of Kato Hiroyuki or Lyang- chi-chao, whose thought was based on organic conception of state, in aspect of his focus on nationalism or statism which was not accepted by Kotoku. When Social-Darwinism became the base theory for Japan Imperialism, Anti- Imperialism got formed in East Asia. Anarchism in Japan took shape on a full scale from Kotoku's 'Direct act' code in 1906. He was considered to notice desperately laborers' fall by necessity from industrial capital after Japan's Industrial Revolution followed by Russo-Japanese Wars. He insisted that the laborers should attain their rights and interests in the form of 'Direct Act', denying parliamentarism by a few elites after his visit in USA. Aanarcho-Syndicalism was originated from this and soon became the mainstream in Anarchism of Japan. On the contrary, in Korea, terrorism became the most important action in Anarchism. Shin Chae-Ho cried out for the people's revolution against Japan's imperialism without reference to his state or people in his 'Declaration for Cho-sun revolution' (1923). He also insisted on Korea's liberation and building ideal Cho-sun. He justified terror or violent revolution in the way of achieving people's revolution. In this aspect, it can be said that Shin was affected from Kotoku's concepts of 'Direct action', thought of assassination, or Social-revolution. But Shin was more radical Anarchist and the reason was Japan's violent occupation on Korea.