히포크라테스의 <머리 부상에 대하여>에 보이는 두개골 천공술과 그리스 조각 기술 비교
Trepanation Described in Hippocrates’ On the Head Wounds and Greek Sculptural Technique
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고대 천공술에 관한 연구는 지극히 제한적이었다. 문헌 사료가 히포크라테스 학파의 저자가 쓴 <머리 부상에 대하여>와 켈수스의 <의학에 관하여> 정도에 짧게 있는 정도이고, 남아 있는 고고학 사료도 많지 않거니와 일반도구와 혼동될 정도로 전문적이지 않기 때문이다. 당대의 의사들이 천공술을 행한 것은 확실하며, 그들의 치료를 이해하기 위해서는 의료도구에 관한 이해가 필수다. 그러나 제한된 사료만 가지고 이해하는데 한계가 있다. 우리는 새로운 시도를 통해 고대의 의료도구를 이해할 필요가 있다. 본고는 이러한 시도의 일환이다. 고대 그리스와 로마에서 사용한 드릴과 끌은 조각에서도 사용되었고, 두개골 천공 등 의료적 목적으로도 사용되었다. 그 모습이 조금 달랐을 수도 있지만, 아마도 구분이 어려울 정도로 유사했을 가능성이 더 크다. 전문가를 초청하는 문화가 일반적이던 기원전 5-4세기에 기술의 교류 역시 활발했을 것이며, 의사들도 조각가들의 발전된 기술을 받아들였을 것으로 생각할 수 있다. 이에 대한 문헌적 증거는 없지만, 남아 있는 고고학적 사료로부터 의사들이 영감을 받았을 요소들을 많이 찾을 수 있고, 그 기술이 천공술에 활용되고 있음을 확인할 수 있기 때문이다. 톱니를 적용하여 도구의 효력을 강화한 것이나, 드릴을 사용하여 손상을 최소화하는 것 등이 그 예이다. 의사들의 기술을 조각가들이 배웠을 가능성은 조금 더 낮다. 조각가들이 수술장면을 보는 것이 쉽지 않았을 것이기 때문이다. 본 연구는 직접적인 문헌 증거가 불충분하다는 한계가 있지만, 가능한 많은 도상학적 증거를 통해 드릴과 끌에 관한 이해를 확장하는 데 기여하기를 기대해 본다.
Abstract
The study of ancient trepanation has been limited. The reason for this is twofold: one is because the literary sources are limited, and the other is that archaeological evidence is scarce. Umedical tools were not professional enough in appearance and so they were confused with everyday tools. Since surgeons of the time practiced trepanning to treat patients, it is essential to understand their medical tools in order to understand their treatment methods and . But upon investigation we immediately face difficulty for there is not enough evidence. We need to understand ancient medical tools through new attempts. This paper is one of these new attempts. Drills and chisels of ancient Greece and Rome were used both in the making of sculptures and for medical purposes such as trepanning. The appearance of such tools may have been a little different, but it is more likely that they were so similar that it was difficult to distinguish between them. In the 5th and the 4th centuries BCE, when the travel of experts was common, the exchange of knowledge and techniques was also active. It is conceivable that doctors would have adopted the advanced techniques of sculptors. Although there is no literary evidence for this, there are many elements of sculpting that could have influenced surgeons, and sculptural techniques wapplied to trepanning. Examples include strengthening tools by utilizingclaw-type designs, or minimizing damage by using drills. It is a little less likely that sculptors learned skills from doctors, for it would not have been easy for the sculptors to see surgery by themselves. Although this study has limitations in that direct literary evidence is insufficient, by comprising various pieces of archaeological evidence, we can the understanding of ancient medical tools.
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