高麗 後期 女性의 變成男子說
A Study on the Theory of Transforming Women into Men in the Late Goryeo Dynasty
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The main goal of Buddhism is to achieve awakening through self-practice; however, women were considered incapable of awakening because discrimination against women had been prevalent in Indian society since Abhidharma Buddhism(部派佛敎). Mahayana Buddhism suggested a kind of socially compromised theory; namely, that a woman could attain Buddhahood but only by transforming into a man (變成男子說). This paper demonstrates this perspective on women by examining how monks and Buddhists conceived the theory of transforming into men in the late Goryeo dynasty. Judging from letters offering prayers to Buddha in this time, many women wished to be reincarnated as men. In addition, as Amitābha belief was prevalent, it was widely believed that there were no women in the Pure Land(淨土) of Amitābha Buddha(阿彌陀佛) or Bhaisajyaguru Buddha(藥師佛) and that women transformed into men when they went there. As monks such as Mu Woe(無畏), Mu Ki(無寄) and Won Cham(元旵) stated in their books, this theory about transforming into men was influenced by monks of the day, who had a discriminative view against women. In contrast, Zen Buddhist monks emphasized sudden enlightenment(頓悟) and so gave women an opportunity to enter Nirvana. The popularity of the theory of transforming into men reflects that men and women were unequal in the society of the Goryeo dynasty. In addition, it shows that even women were aware of the ultimate goal of Buddhism–religious awakening. In order to attain Buddhahood, therefore, the female body had to be transformed into a male one.
Abstract
The main goal of Buddhism is to achieve awakening through self-practice; however, women were considered incapable of awakening because discrimination against women had been prevalent in Indian society since Abhidharma Buddhism(部派佛敎). Mahayana Buddhism suggested a kind of socially compromised theory; namely, that a woman could attain Buddhahood but only by transforming into a man (變成男子說). This paper demonstrates this perspective on women by examining how monks and Buddhists conceived the theory of transforming into men in the late Goryeo dynasty. Judging from letters offering prayers to Buddha in this time, many women wished to be reincarnated as men. In addition, as Amitābha belief was prevalent, it was widely believed that there were no women in the Pure Land(淨土) of Amitābha Buddha(阿彌陀佛) or Bhaisajyaguru Buddha(藥師佛) and that women transformed into men when they went there. As monks such as Mu Woe(無畏), Mu Ki(無寄) and Won Cham(元旵) stated in their books, this theory about transforming into men was influenced by monks of the day, who had a discriminative view against women. In contrast, Zen Buddhist monks emphasized sudden enlightenment(頓悟) and so gave women an opportunity to enter Nirvana. The popularity of the theory of transforming into men reflects that men and women were unequal in the society of the Goryeo dynasty. In addition, it shows that even women were aware of the ultimate goal of Buddhism–religious awakening. In order to attain Buddhahood, therefore, the female body had to be transformed into a male one.
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