최저임금법의 패러다임 탐색: 미국 공정근로기준법상 ‘공정성’개념과 그 함의
Minimum Wage Paradigm:Concepts and Implications of ‘Fairness’ in the US FLSA
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그간의 경제성장에 대한 분배 차원에서 최저임금법(근로기준법에서 분화․제정)을 이해하고 평가하기에는 많은 문제와 과제가 있다. 현재까지 최저임금 미만율이 높고 최저임금 준수율이 낮은 문제 등을 보면 저임금근로자의 생활은 나아지지 않았다. 더불어 근로기준법 수준에 미치지 못하는 근로조건에 처해 있는 근로자들이 전체 근로자의 50%에 육박하는 실정이다. 또한 최근의 근로기준법 개정을 경제발전에 대한 보상이라고 보기에 경제정책과 노동정책 간의 긴장관계는 여전하다. 우리나라의 최저임금법(나아가 근로기준법)에 상응하는 법으로 미국은 공정근로기준법을 제정․시행하고 있는데, 명칭에서도 알 수 있듯이 ‘공정성(fairness)’이 최저임금, 법정 최장근로시간, 연장근로와 가산임금, 아동노동보호 규율의 근간이다. 최저임금법의 패러다임 탐색의 일환으로 이 글은 상당히 성공적인 제도로 평가받고 있는 미국 공정근로기준법의 ‘공정성’ 개념과 그 함의를 살펴본다.
Abstract
Historically, there existed and still exists a great deal of challenge and difficulty in understanding and evaluating Korea’s minimum wage laws as prescribed by the Labor Standard Act in its effort to foster the country’s economic growth. The rate of workers earning below the minimum wage has been fairly significant, and the rate in compliance with the law considerably low, as those, whose working conditions fall short of the standard level, approach near 50% of the total labor force. Moreover, recent reform efforts and changes made to the Labor Stand Act, which have been hailed as an improved compensatory measure towards further economic development, still have yet to allay the precarious relationship and tension between the economic and labor policymakers. While Korea’s minimum wage law and its Labor Standard Act, which are modeled after and may appear to correspond closely to the United States’ The Fair Labor Standard Act (FLSA), the fundamental discrepancy lies primarily in the appellation of the US law, notably the inclusion of the word “Fair” in FLSA, which, by extension, naturally reinforces the concept of fairness and thereby helps to promote fair minimum wage, fair maximum working hours, and fair child labor conditions. It then behooves the policymakers of Korea to explore, investigate, and understand the meaning of “fair”, at least from the perspective of US policymakers or of the inner paradigm in the creation of the FLSA. In conclusion, it is important to define and make transparent the concept of fairness that is achieved through fair competition between two bargaining parties, and to raise a collective awareness on fair minimum wage laws through the lens of fair bargaining power balance. Additionally, through such understanding of fairness, it is important to expand the legal boundary of minimum wage laws to include a broader range of the labor force.
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