시각장애학생의 점자 읽기 발달 및 뇌의 가소성에 대한 문헌 고찰
A Literature Review on Braille Reading Development and Brain Plasticity of Visually Impaired Students
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초록
본 연구는 시각장애학생의 점자 읽기 발달 특성을 정안학생과 비교해 고찰하고, 이러한 차이를 선행연구에서 밝힌 뇌의 가소성 차원에서 파악하여 점자 학습에 주는 시사점을 살펴보는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위하여 시각장애학생의 점자 읽기 능력과 관련된 선행연구와 점자 읽기 과정을 뇌의 가소성 차원에서 알아본 선행연구를 체계적으로 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 시각장애학생의 점자 읽기 능력은 정안학생들과 다른 발달 경향성을 보이며, 특히 점자 읽기 이해력이 부진한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 시각장애학생들이 점자 해독 기술을 배운 이후에도 주로 음성에 의존한 읽기를 하기 때문이기도 하지만, 읽기 과정에서 나타나는 뇌의 활성화 정도에서 정안학생들과 차이를 보이기 때문이기도 한다. 즉 모든 연령에서 유능한 독자들은 1차 시각피질과 측두엽을 연결하는 후두-측두 영역이라는 뇌의 좌측 뒷부분에 의지하여 읽기를 하지만, 시각장애학생과 난독증 학생들은 뇌의 가소성이 발현되는 과정에서 뇌의 뒷부분이 아니라, 브로카 영역과 전두엽에 의지하여 읽기를 하기 때문에 작업기억력의 과부하와 전두엽이 담당하는 읽기의 전략적 역할이 약화되는 결과를 초래할 수 있다. 이로 인해 읽기 이해에 몰두할 가용자원이 부족하여 점자 읽기 학습에서 정체와 지체가 나타날 수 있다. 따라서 다양한 관점에서 시각장애학생의 점자 읽기 능력에 대한 이해와 적절한 점자 읽기 전략의 활용, 스스로 점자 학습의 유용성을 인식하여 동기 수준을 높이도록 하는 것이 필요하다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the braille reading developmental characteristics of visually impaired students compared to those of straight eyes students, and to approach and understand these differences in terms of brain plasticity by reviewing the previous studies. In order to understand this, we systematically analyzed the preceding studies related to the braille reading ability of visually impaired students and the previous research that investigated the braille reading process from the neurological level of the brain. The braille reading ability of blind students shows a different developmental tendency than those of straight eyes students, and in particular, it is reported that braille reading comprehension is poor. This is partly because visually impaired students read mainly relying on voice even after they learn Braille decoding skills. However, looking at the degree of brain activation in the reading process, competent readers at all ages showed that the left posterior part of the temporal region to read, the left ventral occipitotemporal area(vOT), which connects the primary visual cortex and the temporal lobe, is activating. But visually impaired children and dyslexic students show an overload of Broca's area, frontal lobe, and working memory in the process of brain plasticity. This can lead to congestion and delays in the learning process of reading Braille because there are not enough resources available to focus on reading comprehension. Therefore, it is important to approach and understand the reading ability of visually impaired students from various perspectives. In particular, the teacher who will be in charge of the Braille reading instruction should develop an appropriate Braille reading program and reading strategy for the visually impaired students. Therefore, it is necessary to ensure that an effective Braille learning program and a successful experience of using it can be continued even into adolescence.
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