국제 유산보존관리에 있어서 버라헌장의 기여와 한계
Contribution and Limitations of the Burra Charter in International Heritage Conservation and Management
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초록
본 논문의 목적은 ‘버라헌장: 호주이코모스의 문화적 중요성이 있는 장소를 위한 헌장’의 내용을 살펴보고, 국제 유산보존관리에 있어서 버라헌장이 기여한 점과 그 한계점을 분석하는 것이다. 버라헌장은 1979년 호주의 유산보존관리를 위해 채택되었지만 호주를 넘어 국제적인 유산보존관리의 기준으로 자리했다. 버라헌장은 베니스헌장이 유산으로 정의한 기념물과 유적지를 장소로 대체하며 더욱 확대된 유산개념을 도입하였으며 미학적, 역사적, 학술적, 사회적 가치의 합으로 정의되는 문화적 중요성을 보존관리의 핵심에 배치하고 유산의 보존관리를 위한 체계적인 세 단계접근법 - 중요성 이해, 정책 개발, 정책에 부합하는 관리-을 제공하였다. 이를 통해 물질중심 접근법에서 가치중심 접근법으로 진화한 새로운 보존 패러다임의 시대를 열고 이를 세계적으로 정착시키며 국제 유산보존의 역사에 기여했다. 현재 버라헌장이 모델로서 기능하는 가치중심 접근법은 유산의 사회, 문화적, 즉 맥락적 가치를 수용하고 비전문가의 참여를 보장한다. 하지만 버라헌장은 여전히 물질에 내재하는 본질적 가치 및 전문가 지식에게 특권을 부여하면서 동등하게 여겨져야 할 가치에 위계를 발생시키고 비전문가의 참여를 어렵게 만드는 한계점을 노출하고 있다.
Abstract
This paper explores ‘The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance 2013’ and examines its contributions and limitations in the field of heritage conservation and management. It was adapted in 1979 for Australian heritage conservation and management; however, its influence has extended beyond the country, becoming an international standard. This charter introduced a broader heritage concept by replacing monuments and sites defined by the Venice Charter with the term ‘place’ and placed cultural significance, defined as the sum of aesthetic, historical, scientific, and social values, at the core of conservation. It provides a systematic three-step approach: understanding significance, developing policy, and managing heritage conservation in accordance with policy. Through this approach, it opened an era of a new conservation paradigm, value-centered approach, evolving from material-centered approach and spreading globally, thus contributing to international heritage consercation history. Today, value-centered approach, as modeled by the Burra Charter, encompasses social, cultural, and contextual values, ensuring non-expert involvement. However, the Burra Charter still privileges intrinsic values in the fabric and expert knowledge, creating a hierarchy of values that should be considered equal and making it difficult for non-professionals to participate.
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