제국과 주권들: 잭 런던의 바다늑대
Empire and Sovereignties: Jack London's The Sea-Wolf
0
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Critics have read Jack London’s The Sea-Wolf as a novel in which sex and gender issues such as masculinity, femininity, homosexuality, heterosexuality, and androgyny are most conspicuous. Yet on closer look, the novel emerges as a text that raises political issues like empire and sovereignties most acutely. What I am doing in this essay, however, is not to castigate imperial America in which force stands as the ultimate touchstone in life and politics, but to reveal that those attempts to carve out oppositions, resistances, and alternatives to imperial sovereignty might be creating sovereignties that, while seemingly positioning themselves against empire, engender new forms of empire. Humphrey Van Weyden is an effete intellectual who, though initially attracted to Captain Wolf Larsen’s imperial sovereignty on the Ghost, ultimately refuses Larsen for his beastlike drive to turn everything into a matter of violence and death. Thus, Humphrey chooses to flee from Larsen’s Ghost, together with Maud Brewster, his newly found female partner, and reaches an island which they later call Endeavor Island. I take this to be an allegorization of an attempt to found a democratic regime modeled upon the American Republic in which a sovereign, unlike Wolf’s beastly sovereign, is bound by the duty to protect citizens. I contend, however, that such island regime of Humphrey’s indexes an ambiguous formation of empire which, though seemingly innocent and devotedly democratic, should nevertheless count as an empire. Views on empire have been predominantly obsessed with the aggressive modes of sovereignty, the violent seizure of territories, and the ruthless subjugation of natives. Empire, however, sometimes acts rather surreptitiously and non-violently to the extent to which one might mistake it for a symptom of a non-empire. London’s The Sea-Wolf showcases those anomalies and modifications of empire that escape classificatory rigidity.
Abstract
Critics have read Jack London’s The Sea-Wolf as a novel in which sex and gender issues such as masculinity, femininity, homosexuality, heterosexuality, and androgyny are most conspicuous. Yet on closer look, the novel emerges as a text that raises political issues like empire and sovereignties most acutely. What I am doing in this essay, however, is not to castigate imperial America in which force stands as the ultimate touchstone in life and politics, but to reveal that those attempts to carve out oppositions, resistances, and alternatives to imperial sovereignty might be creating sovereignties that, while seemingly positioning themselves against empire, engender new forms of empire. Humphrey Van Weyden is an effete intellectual who, though initially attracted to Captain Wolf Larsen’s imperial sovereignty on the Ghost, ultimately refuses Larsen for his beastlike drive to turn everything into a matter of violence and death. Thus, Humphrey chooses to flee from Larsen’s Ghost, together with Maud Brewster, his newly found female partner, and reaches an island which they later call Endeavor Island. I take this to be an allegorization of an attempt to found a democratic regime modeled upon the American Republic in which a sovereign, unlike Wolf’s beastly sovereign, is bound by the duty to protect citizens. I contend, however, that such island regime of Humphrey’s indexes an ambiguous formation of empire which, though seemingly innocent and devotedly democratic, should nevertheless count as an empire. Views on empire have been predominantly obsessed with the aggressive modes of sovereignty, the violent seizure of territories, and the ruthless subjugation of natives. Empire, however, sometimes acts rather surreptitiously and non-violently to the extent to which one might mistake it for a symptom of a non-empire. London’s The Sea-Wolf showcases those anomalies and modifications of empire that escape classificatory rigidity.
참고문헌 (44)
- Agamben, Giorgio, "The State of Exception" (2005), U of Chicago P
- Auerbach, Jonathan, "Male Call: Becoming Jack London" (1996), Duke UP
- Baskett, Sam S, "Sea Change in The Sea-Wolf", American Literary Realism, 24(2), pp.5~22 (1992)
- Bederman, Gail, "Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917" (1995), U of Chicago P
- Burnett, Christina Duffy, "The Edges of Empire and the Limits of Sovereignty: American Guano Islands", American Quarterly, 57(3), pp.779~803 (2005)
- Boone, Joseph, "Male Independence and the American Quest Genre: Hidden Sexual Politics in the All-Male Worlds of Melville, Twain, and London, In Gender Studies: New Directions in Feminist Criticism", pp.187~217 (1986), Bowling Green State UP
- Derrida, Jacques, "Rogues: Two Essays on Reason. Trans. Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas" (2005), Stanford UP
- Derrida, Jacques, "The Beast and the Sovereign. Volume I" (2009), U of Chicago P
- Derrida, Jacques, "The Beast and the Sovereign. Volume II" (2011), U of Chicago P
- Elmer, Jonathan, "On Lingering and Being Last: Race and Sovereignty in the New World" (2008), Fordham UP
- Foner, Philip S, "Jack London: American Rebel" (1964), Citadel
- Forrey, Robert, "Male and Female in London’s The Sea-Wolf", Literature and Psychology, 24(4), pp.135~143 (1974)
- Giddings, Franklin Henry, "Democracy and Empire" (1900), Macmillan
- Greiman, Jennifer, "Democracy’s Spectacle: Sovereignty and Public Life in Antebellum American Writing" (2010), Fordham UP
- James, C. L. R. Mariners, "Renegades, and Castaways: The Story of Herman Melville and the World We Live In" (2001), UP of New England
- Jameson, Fredric, "Third-World Literature in the Era of Multinational Capitalism", Social Text, 15, pp.65~88 (1986)
- Hardt, Michael, "Empire" (2000), Harvard UP
- Hofstadter, Richard, "Social Darwinism in American Thought 1944" (1992), Beacon
- Kaplan, Amy, "Cultures of U.S. Imperialism" (1993), Duke UP
- Kaplan, Amy, "The Anarchy of Empire in the Making of U.S. Culture" (2002), Harvard UP
- London, Jack, "The Sea-Wolf 1904" (2009), Oxford UP
- London, Jack, "The People of the Abyss" (1903), Macmillan
- Lye, Colleen, "America’s Asia: Racial Form and American Literature, 1893-1945" (2004), Princeton UP
- Mahan, A. T., "The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783" (1890), Little, Brown, and Company
- Mahan, A. T, "Armaments and arbitration: or, the place of force in the international relations of states" (1912), Harper
- Mahan, A. T, "The Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and Future" (1918), Little Brown
- McCormick, Thomas, "From Old Empire to New: The Changing Dynamics and Tactics of American Empire, In Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State", pp.63~79 (2009), U of Wisconsin P
- Melville, Herman, "Benito Cereno, In Melville’s Short Novels: Authoritative Texts, Contexts, Criticism", pp.34~102 (2001), Norton
- Melville, Herman, "Hershel Parker and Harrison Hayford" (2002), Norton
- Mitchell, Lee Clark, "‘And Rescue Us from Ourselves’: Becoming Someone in Jack London’s The Sea-Wolf", American Literature, 70(2), pp.317~335 (1998)
- Murphy, Gretchen, "Hemispheric Imaginings: The Monroe Doctrine and Narratives of U.S. Empire" (2005), Duke UP
- Oliveri, Vinnie, "Sex, Gender, and Death in the Sea-Wolf", Pacific Coast Philology, 38, pp.99~115 (2003)
- O’Sullivan, John, "The Great Nation of Futurity", The United States Magazine and Democratic Review, 6(23), pp.426~431 (1839)
- 백준걸, "Piratical Ahab: Moby-Dick", 영미문화, 11(1), pp.129~159 (2011), 한국영미문화학회
- Peluso, Robert, "Gazing at Royalty: Jack London’s The People of the Abyss and the Emergence of American Imperialism, In Rereading Jack London", pp.55~74 (1996), Stanford UP
- Pratt, Mary Louise, "Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation" (1992), Routledge
- Reesman, Jeanne Campbell, "Prospects for the Study of Jack London", Resources for American Literary Study, 25(2), pp.133~158 (1999)
- Robinson, Forrest, "The Eyes Have It: An Essay on Jack London’s The Sea-Wolf", American Literary Realism, 18(1-2), pp.178~195 (1985)
- Roosevelt, Theodore, "The Strenuous Life: Essays and Addresses" (1901), Century
- Roosevelt, Theodore, "The Writings of Theodore Roosevelt" (1967), Bobbbs-Merrill
- Santner, Eric L, "The Royal Remains: The People's Two Bodies and the Endgames of Sovereignty" (2011), U of Chicago P
- Stoler, Ann Laura, "On Degrees of Imperial Sovereignty", Public Culture, 18(1), pp.125~146 (2006)
- Taylor, Christopher, "The Limbs of Empire: Ahab, Santa Anna, and Moby-Dick", American Literature, 83(1), pp.29~57 (2011)
- Watson, Charles N, "The Novels of Jack London: A Reappraisal" (1983), U of Wisconsin P