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행화주의와 창발, 그리고 하향인과

Enactivism, Emergence, and Downward Causation

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초록

이 글은 행화주의가 수반논변으로부터 창발과 하향인과를 지지할 수 있는 방안을 검토한다. 이를 위해 2장에서는 데카르트의 실체이원론에서 성립된다고 가정되는 인과들을 검토하고 현대적 맥락에서 하향인과 개념이 도입된 배경을 창발 개념과 관련하여 논의한다. 3장에서는 환원적 물리주의를 지지하는 김재권이 제시한 수반논변을 통해 하향인과의 불가능성을 검토한다. 4장에서는 예비적 단계로서 체화된 행위, 자기 생성성, 호혜성 원리를 중심으로 행화주의를 검토하고 이어서 이를 기반으로 하여 행화주의에서 성립하는 인과 유형들을 분석한다. 이상의 논의를 통해 하향인과는 크게 세 가지 유형으로 구분될 수 있다는 점을 지적하고 수반논변에서 주장되고 있는 수반 관계를 호혜적 인과로 대체할 가능성을 검토한다. 하향인과는 하향인과의 유형 중 중간 유형에 속하며 수반논변이 강조하는 인과적 폐쇄성을 인과적 호혜성으로 대체함으로써 행화주의는 수반논변으로부터 하향인과 개념을 구출할 수 있다는 점과 더불어 하향인과에 대한 경험적 정당화의 필요성을 주장한다.

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to save the notion of downward causation in the face of the supervenience argument from a point of enactivism as a theory of mind. In section 2, I examine the causations held in Descartes' substance dualism and discuss the theoretical background in which the contemporary notion of downward causation has been introduced in relation to the notion of emergence. In section 3, I examine the impossibility of downward causation through the supervenience argument of Jaegwon Kim, a reductive physicalism. The supervenience argument consists of a first argument that only recognizes the supervenience relation in inter-level and a second argument that asserts the identical relation in inter-level as well as the mental causation intra-level. I examine the problems that the supervenience argument raises against enactivism. In section 4, as the preliminary stage, I discuss the hardcore of enactivism such as embodied action, autopoiesis, and principle of reciprocity and, based on them, the causations held in enactivism. In the discussion, the downward causation is not one but three types, and the path of downward causation is also three. I contend that downward causation belongs to the middle type, and that if the alleged reduction in the supervenience argument is replaced by a reciprocal causation, then enactivism can derive the notion of downward causation from the argument. In addition to the theoretical justification for the downward causation above, I discuss the case of epileptic seizure proposed by Varella et al. as an empirical justification and point out that it is a case for the middle type.

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