Phase-Shift Dependence of Traveling Electromagnetic Wave on Medium’s Refractive Index: A Novel Concept for Simultaneous Sensing of Fluid Concentration/Composition, Temperature, and Pressure
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This study proposes new concepts for simultaneous measurement of concentration or composition in addition to temperature,pressure, and all other intensive properties of fluid, all-in-one sensor. The concepts are based on electromagnetic principlesthat utilize the dependence of phase-shift of an electromagnetic wave traveling in a medium on its refractive index combined withthermodynamics. The sensor is composed of an array of multiple antennas operating at different frequencies that transmit and receiveelectromagnetic signals through the fluid. By measuring the phase-shift between each transmitting and receiving antenna and applyinga proper refractive index model and equation of state of the fluid, the concentration/composition and all other intensive propertiescan be computed. In addition, this paper also proposes a simple interfacing circuit for the proposed sensor design. The proposed sensorconcept was validated on a binary mixture “He-CO2” with calibration and without calibration using literature models for therefractive index and equation of state. The results of validation showed that the error in sensor measurement is negligible for calibratedsensor and about 5%–8% with literature models without calibration.
Abstract
This study proposes new concepts for simultaneous measurement of concentration or composition in addition to temperature,pressure, and all other intensive properties of fluid, all-in-one sensor. The concepts are based on electromagnetic principlesthat utilize the dependence of phase-shift of an electromagnetic wave traveling in a medium on its refractive index combined withthermodynamics. The sensor is composed of an array of multiple antennas operating at different frequencies that transmit and receiveelectromagnetic signals through the fluid. By measuring the phase-shift between each transmitting and receiving antenna and applyinga proper refractive index model and equation of state of the fluid, the concentration/composition and all other intensive propertiescan be computed. In addition, this paper also proposes a simple interfacing circuit for the proposed sensor design. The proposed sensorconcept was validated on a binary mixture “He-CO2” with calibration and without calibration using literature models for therefractive index and equation of state. The results of validation showed that the error in sensor measurement is negligible for calibratedsensor and about 5%–8% with literature models without calibration.