마이크로 파이낸스는 신자유주의의 첨병인가?
Is Micro-finance a Vehicle for Neo-liberalism?
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초록
지난 30여 년 동안 비약적으로 성장한 마이크로 파이낸스는 빈곤문제에 대한 새로운 해법으로 환영받아왔다. 마이크로 파이낸스 기관들이 후진국 농촌사회의 인적네트워크와 권력관계를 이용하여 높은 회수율과 수익률을 기록함에 따라, 글로벌금융자본이 마이크로 파이낸스 산업에 진입하게 된다. 이 논문에서 우리는 ‘MIX Market Data’와 ‘Bankscope’ 자료를 활용하여 이윤추구형으로 분류되거나 지배주주가 글로벌 금융자본인 마이크로 파이낸스 금융기관들이 약탈적 수준의 이자율로높은 수익을 얻고 있음을 보여준다. 이를 통해 일부 마이크로 파이낸스 금융기관들이 하비의 주장대로 후진국의 잉여를 강탈하여 선진국에 축적(accumulation by dispossession)하고 있다고 해석한다.
Abstract
Over the last thirty years, the micro-finance industry has come to be regarded as an alternative way to reduce global poverty. Micro-finance has a high repayment rate and ratio of return index, coupled with a low risk achieved by its mobilization of human networks and power relationships embedded deeply in rural areas of developing countries. Thanks to this, global financial capitals have invested in the micro-finance industry in developing countries across the world, especially in Latin America and Eastern Europe. In this paper, we document that profit-oriented micro-finance, or controlled by global financial capital, set high interest rates and appropriate surplus from peoples in developing countries. This is consistent with David Harvey’s concept, “the accumulation by dispossession”.
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