유네스코 문화다양성협약의 쟁점 및 한계
Main Issues and Limitations of the UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity
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WTO를 중심으로 한 기존의 다자통상체제 내에서 문화산업의 특수성을 이유로 문화산업을 적극적으로 보호할 수 있는 법적 근거, 소위 ‘문화적 예외(cultural exceptions)’ 규정은 사실상 GATT체제 초기에 마련된 ‘영화 예외(cinema exception)’에 불과하다. 2005년 유네스코가 채택한 문화다양성협약은 문화다양성 보호ㆍ증진을 위한 조치를 적극적으로 보장하는 친문화적 기조에 근거한다는 점에서 문화산업 보호를 위한 동 협약의 법적 활용가치에 대한 국제적 관심이 고조되어 왔다. 공교롭게도 국내에서는 한·미 FTA협상의 과정에서 일시적 관심대상이 되었을 뿐, 그 이후에는 문화다양성협약에 대한 논의의 명맥이 사실상 끊긴 상태이다. 하지만 문화다양성협약을 비준한 국가들과의 FTA협상에서 우리나라의 동 협약 비준 문제가 부각될 가능성이 상존하는 상황에서 동 협약의 주요내용에 대한 논의가 더 이상 지연되는 것은 바람직하지 않다. 이러한 문제의식 하에서, 본고는 문화다양성협약과 WTO협정과의 관련성에 특히 유념하면서 문화다양성협약의 특징, 쟁점 및 한계를 분석함으로써 그 의의와 활용 가치에 관한 함의를 얻고자 한다.
Abstract
In the context of the multilateral trading system under the WTO, 'cinema exception' clause drafted at the early stage of the GATT is the only provision effectively applicable to secure cultural exception, i.e., a legal foundation of safeguarding cultural industry against foreign access for cultural specificity reasons. The UNESCO Convention on Cultural Diversity adopted in 2005 has been receiving a growing international attention particularly with regard to its legal utility, since the Convention keeps a culture-friendly footing for the sake of actively ensuring the protection and promotion of cultural diversity. Unexpectedly at home, the debate on the Convention has been virtually off since the KORUS FTA ignited temporary interests in it. However, it is undesirable to delay any more the discussion of the Convention, in consideration of the high possibility that trading partners which has ratified it squeeze us to do the same thing in the FTA negotiations. With this motivation in mind and particular attention on the relationship between the Convention and the WTO agreement, this paper seeks to analyze features, controversial issues and limitations of the Convention, and to look for its significance and legal utility.
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