殷墟의 구조― 최근의 고고학적 조사 성과를 통해 본 ―

Abstract

The Yinxu, the capital in the late of Shang商 dynasty, was the political center and the largest scale city in the Central Plain中原 at that time. The study of unit and constituting principle of Yinxu as a capital is useful to understand the cause of establishment and ruling mechanism of ancient city and state in China. Because the structural principle and character of ancient city in China is embodied in the flat arrangement of various functional units and immanent combination in one shape of form. The excavation of ruins of Yinxu in the recent year show improvement in both the quantity and the quality. As the material data which help to understand the structure of city in Yinxu was increased rapidly than ever before, so a full-fledged discussion on the city structure of Yinxu became a possibility. So this paper aimed to organize the resources excavated in Yinxu in recent year and through them review the city structure of Yinxu. Despite the literature record of King Pangeng盤庚’s migration, there was doubt about the transmission. However, as the discovery of Huanbeishangcheng洹北商城 site, we could find a clue to this question. The Huanbeishangcheng, large-scale castle settlement, preceding the period of Yunxu could regard as political center of Shang dynasty before the King Wuding武丁. The building relic in the northeast of Xiaotunchun小屯村 began in earnest to establish after the disuse of Huanbeishangcheng. In the time of King Wuding, the center of Yinxu was transferred from Huanbeishangchen to area of palace and royal ancestral rites in the region of Xiaotunchun. The Yinxu after King Wuding took the area of palaceㆍroyal ancestral rites and royal tomb as a axis, and many settlement are located in its external. The structural principle of Yinxu did not characterized by just the area of palaceㆍroyal ancestral rites and royal tomb. Through the archaeological investigation recently, we could find that Yinxu was constituted the integrated form of individual settlement in which descent group shared the dwelling, production and cemetery. In other words, Yinxu was the large-scale settlement with the area of palaceㆍroyal ancestral rites and royal tomb of Xiaotunchun as the center and many Zuyi族邑 on its periphery. And the area of palaceㆍroyal ancestral rites which was the Zuyi appertained to King of Shang dynasty had no difference in fundamental quality despite in spite of difference in size with other Zuyi. The each component constituted the capital in the late of Shang in Yinxu was not arranged intentionally according to its function. Moreover, the division of area according to status did not represented in many dwellings and tombs scattered in Yinxu. The various components constituted Yinxu existed as an ingredient of individual settlement seized by descent group族. Even the descent group produced king of Shang dynasty was the one of various groups, which seized as area constituted by same structural principle. The nucleus district, capital was maintained with unifying the various descent groups based on the blood ties. The main mechanism of unification also should be found in the religious and ideal sphere. However, the divine base of king of Shnag dynasty was not connected with actual power embracing the whole of Yinxu. Because the settlement which constituted Yinxu had the self-reliant living bases, and the control of Shangwang over them was limited. The classical view that ancient city in China was established as the political production to secure the religious power appropriate, but the more important point is that as unification of segmental descent groups was the real problem, this religious power was required.