다문화주의 없는 다문화사회: 제주특별자치도의 지속가능한 재세계화를 위한 이론적 함의
The Multicultural Society without Multiculturalism: Theoretical Implications for Sustainably Reglobalizing the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province
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초록
오늘날 ‘다문화주의’는 초국적 이주의 문화적 영향이 국민국가와 지역커뮤니티에 미치는 영향을 개념화하는 데에 매우 영향력 있는 용어가 되었다. 그러나 다문화주의는 단순히 가치중립적인 용어가 아니라 이데올로기적으로 작동하기도 하는데, 이는 이주대상국이 포함과 배타의 정치를 통하여 다문화적 자원들을 자본주의적 발전양식으로 전유하기 때문이다. 이러한 까닭에 다문화주의는 문화적 헤게모니 투쟁에 있어서 상이한 정치적 행위자들이 부딪히는 이데올로기적 투쟁의 장이 되었다. 우선, 본 논문에서는 이론적 수준에서 다문화주의의 다양한 형태와 정치를 검토하고 특히 캐나다와 호주의 다문화주의 정책을 분석하여 이데올로기로서 다문화주의의 한계와 위험성을 지적한다. 둘째, 지속가능한 양식의 다문화주의적 사회공간을 형성하기 위한 함의를 도출하기 위하여, 다문화주의적 혼성성이 지니는 타자성을 라깡의 정신분석학적 틀에서 고찰해본다. 마지막으로 제주도의 독특한 지리적 속성과 역사적 경험이 독특한 집합적 타자성과 평등주의적 사회관계를 형성했다는 점에 근거하여, 이러한 지리-역사적 맥락이 제주도에 장소에 기반한 아래로부터의 다문화주의가 형성될 수 있는 수 있는 토대가 될 수 있음을 제안한다.
Abstract
?Multiculturalism? has emerged an increasingly influential term for conceptualizing the cultural impacts of transnational migration on nation-states and local communities. Yet the concept is not simply a value-free term, but it is also ideological in the sense that the hosting society has often elaborately implemented the politics of inclusion and exclusion so as to appropriate multicultural resources for its own capitalist developmental ends. Hence, multiculturalism has become an important ideological battleground for different political actors that struggle for cultural hegemony. In this paper, at a theoretical level, I explore multiple forms and politics of multiculturalism, with particularly focusing on multiculturalism policies in Canada and Australia. The theoretical discussion aims at drawing out possible implications for nurturing place-based, sustainable multiculturalism in the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. Finally, emphasizing the formation of possible ?multicultural society from below? at a grass-root community level, this paper suggests that Jeju?s historical experience as an ?othered? space and its unique cultural ethos of equality, self-reliance, and collectivism may provide a particularly special position, in which the island can envision a cooperative, productive, and sustainable future of the multicultural society without multiculturalism.
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