Water Crises in Africa Revisited
2
조회
0
다운로드
1
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
This study purports to offer a comprehensive analysis of water crises in Africa in an environment with quickly changing policies. The paper is organized by five large sections. The first part presents a brief account of of the assessments of past and present statuses and trends of water conflicts in the world. Next, the meaning and importance of water within the African continent is introduced with a quick recap of the relevant history. This is followed by an analysis on typologies of water-related conflicts in Africa which leads into the last two chapters that discuss implications and ideas for further action to minimize the risks. The cases and analytic outputs demonstrate two points. Firstly even in a very difficult political context, inter-state violent water wars are unlikely in Africa. However, water conflicts at intra-state level are emerging to be quite time sensitive issues in need of prompt response in order to avoid socio-political unrest within the major part of the continent. Therefore, the most pressing questions today are not in regards to not if and when the next war in Africa will be around water, but the mechanisms around the escalating risks of water conflicts on the sub-state level and our future directions in efforts to minimize the risks with proper approaches.
Abstract
This study purports to offer a comprehensive analysis of water crises in Africa in an environment with quickly changing policies. The paper is organized by five large sections. The first part presents a brief account of of the assessments of past and present statuses and trends of water conflicts in the world. Next, the meaning and importance of water within the African continent is introduced with a quick recap of the relevant history. This is followed by an analysis on typologies of water-related conflicts in Africa which leads into the last two chapters that discuss implications and ideas for further action to minimize the risks. The cases and analytic outputs demonstrate two points. Firstly even in a very difficult political context, inter-state violent water wars are unlikely in Africa. However, water conflicts at intra-state level are emerging to be quite time sensitive issues in need of prompt response in order to avoid socio-political unrest within the major part of the continent. Therefore, the most pressing questions today are not in regards to not if and when the next war in Africa will be around water, but the mechanisms around the escalating risks of water conflicts on the sub-state level and our future directions in efforts to minimize the risks with proper approaches.
참고문헌 (37)
- Al-Rodhan, N.R.F, "Policy Briefs on the Transnational Aspects of Security and Stability" (2007), Global Book Marketing
- Angelakis, Andreas N., "Water Conflicts: From Ancient to Modern Times and in the Future", Sustainability, 13, pp.1~31 (2021)
- Ashton, Peter J, "Conflicts over Africa’s Water Resources", Ambio, 31(3), pp.236~242 (2002)
- Beck, Lucas, "Implications of Hydro-Political Dependency for International Water Cooperation and Conflict: Insights from New Data", Political Geography, 42, pp.23~33 (2014)
- Choi, Dong Ju, "Water Resource Development of Mekong and Trans-boundary Conflict", Journal of Southeast Asia Research, 6, pp.193~217 (1998)
- 최동주, "나일 유역 분쟁과 수단 내전: 수자원 갈등을 중심으로", 한국아프리카 학회지, 19(1), pp.217~251 (2004), 한국아프리카학회
- Choi, Dong Ju., "Arab-Israel Conflicts: Internalization of External Variables", Critiques, 36 (2002)
- Daniel, C., "Chronicle of the 20th Century" (1995), Dorling Kindersley
- Dixon, Jeffrey, "What Causes Civil War?: Integrating Quantitative Research Findings", International Studies Review, 11(4), pp.707~735 (2009)
- Houdret, Annebelle, "The Water Connection: Irrigation, Water Grabbing and Politics in Southern Morocco", Water Alternatives, 5(2), pp.284~303 (2012)
- Gleick, Peter, "Water, Conflict, and Peace", Open Rivers, 11 (2018)
- Gleick, Peter, "Water and Conflict: Fresh Water Resources and International Security", International Security, 18(1), pp.79~112 (1993)
- Ide, Tobias, "Pathways to Water Conflict during Drought in the MENA region", Journal of Peace Research, 58(3), pp.568~582 (2021)
- Isaacman, Allen, "Water Security in Africa in the Age of Global Cliate Change", Daedalus, 150(4), pp.7~26 (2021)
- Kreamer, David, "The Past, Present, and Future of Water Conflict and International Security", Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education, 149, pp.88~96 (2012)
- Lautze, J., "Transboundary Water Law in Africa: Development, Nature, and Geography", Natural Resources Journal, 45(4), pp.1053~1087 (2005)
- Mason, Nathaniel, "Climate Change is Hurting Africa’s Water Sector, But Investing in Water Can Pay-off", Commentary World Resources Institute, ~ (2019)
- Moore, Andy Edward, "Dynamic evolution of the zambezi-limpopo watershed, Central Zimbabwe", South African Journal of Geology, 115(4), pp.551~560 (2012)
- Nzouankeu, Anne, "Drought in Lake Chad Region Heightens Conflicts Between Herders and Farmers", VOA, ~ (2021)
- Oluwasanya, Grace, "Water Security in Africa: A Preliminary Assessment", UN University Report Series, (13) (2021)
- Pacific Institute, "The World’s Water" (2022)
- Pena-Rasmos, J. Antonio, "Water Conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa", Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10 (2022)
- Petersen-Perlman, J.D, "International Water Conflict and Cooperation: Challenges and Opportunities", Water International (2017)[DOI]
- Schmeir, Susanne, "Water Scarcity and Conflict: Not Such a Straightforward Link", Great Insights, 8(4) (2019)
- Sivakumar, Bellie, "Water Crisis: From Conflict to Cooperaqtion – An Overview", Hydrological Sciences Journal, 56(4), pp.531~552 (2011)
- "South African Water Rights and the Legacies of Apartheid. In BSU Honors Program Theses and Projects"[URL]
- Totten, S, "Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts" (2004), Routledge
- UN, "Population 2030: Demographic Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Development Planning" (2015)
- UN Economic Commission for Africa, "Africa Water Vision 2025", ~ (2000)
- Valipour, M., "Water-Driven Music Technologies through Centuries", Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal, 4(1), pp.1~21 (2021)
- Veileux, J. C., "Reference Module in Each Systems and Environmental Sciences" (2015), Elsevier
- Vogl, A. L., "Valuing Investments in Sustainable Land Management in the Upper Tana River basin, Kenya", Journal of Environmental Management (2016)
- Voutchkov, N, "Energy Use for Membrane Sea Water Desalination: Current Status and Trends", Desalination, 431, pp.2~14 (2018)
- Wolf, A. T., "State of the World 2005: Redefining Global Security" (2005), Worldwatch Institute
- Wolf, Aaron T, "Conflict and Cooperation Along International Waterways", Water Policy, 1(2), pp.251~265 (1998)
- Workman J. G., "Heart of Dryness: How the Last Bushman Can Help Us Endure the Coming Age of Permanent Drought" (2009), Walker and Company
- Zeitoun, M., "Hydro-Hegemony: A Framework for Analysis of Trans-boundary Water Conflicts", Water Policy, 8, pp.435~446 (2006)