국제형사재판소(ICC)는 이스라엘-하마스 전쟁범죄를 막을 수 있는가
International Criminal Court and War-Crimes in Israel-Hamas War
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초록
현 이스라엘-하마스전쟁에 대한 국제형사재판소(ICC)의 대응은 그 제도적 강점을 보여줄지, 오히려 한계를 확인해 줄지 점검해 볼 계기가 될 것이다. 본 논문에서는 현 이스라엘-하마스 전쟁의 경과에 따른 국제형사재판소의 대응이 어떻게 전개되고 있는지 개관하면서, 각 법률적 쟁점과 제도현실의 문제를 분석하고, 국제형사재판소가 사후적 처벌뿐만 아니라 사전적 예방의 기능을 할 수 있음을 살펴본다. 이는 전쟁과 피해의 구체적 양상들을 전쟁범죄로 명명하여 규정하는 국제형사재판소 법체계가 그 기반이 된다. 현 이스라엘과 하마스 간의 전쟁은 일견 비국제무력분쟁의 성격이라 할 것이나, 가자 지구가 점령지역으로 간주될 경우, 팔레스타인이 국제법상 국가로 인정될 경우, 또는 하마스를 지원하는 국가가 개입될 경우 국제무력분쟁에 해당될 수 있다. 이스라엘-하마스 전쟁범죄 현실과 이후 국제형사재판소의 수사, 재판 과정에서 규명될 진상에 따라 주로 적용될 것으로 보이는 법 규정과 입증되어야 할 범죄 구성요건의 내용은 첫째, 가자 지구 주민에 대한 의도적인 극심한 고통 야기 (제8조 (2) (a) (iii)), 둘째, 가자 지구내 활동 인도주의 구호 종사자 또는 관련표적 공격 (제8조(2) (b) (iii)); 제8조 (2) (e) (iii)), 셋째, 가자 지구 침공으로 인한 과도한 부수적 사망, 상해, 손괴 야기(제8조 (2) (b) (iv)), 넷째, 가자 지구 점령지역내 주민강제이주 (제8조 (2) (b) (viii); 제8조 (2) (e) (viii)), 다섯째, 가자 지구 주민에 대한 식량, 식수, 연료공급 차단을 통한 기아전략 (제8조 (2) (b) (xxv)) 여섯째, 하마스의 이스라엘 민간인 살해행위 및 인질에 대한 고문행위, 가혹한 처우(제8 조 (2)(c)(i)), 일곱째, 인질 납치 및 인질에 대한 인간존엄의 유린(제8조(2)(c)(iii)), 여덟째, 인질에 대한 성폭력(제8조 (2)(e)(vi))이다. 국제형사재판소 제도절차에 따른 전쟁범죄에 대한 수사가 착수되었고, 공개적 수사와 체포영장 청구만으로도 전쟁당사국과 관련국에게 이미 일정한 영향을 미치고 있다. 국제형사재판소의 전쟁범죄 상황에 대한 예비조사와 수사, 법해석과 결정들이 전쟁 당사자들과 관련국에게 현실 구속력 없는 선언적 내지 상징적 조치 정도에 불과한 것이 아니라, 전쟁범죄를 최소화하는 방향으로 유도하는 효과를 기대해 보게 된다. 최근 국제형사재판소는 러시아-우크라이나 전쟁범죄와 이스라엘-하마스 전쟁범죄에 대한 수사의지를 분명히 함으로써 강대국의 일방적 힘이 아니라 보편적 법치가 국제질서의 본질이며, 누구도 범죄책임을 면하지 못한다는 국제형사법의 의지를 보여주고 있다.
Abstract
The ICC’s response to the current Israel-Hamas war is an opportunity to examine whether it will demonstrate its institutional strengths or reveal its limitations, and thus deepen its own crisis of crisis management. This paper examines the ICC’s interventions in the current Israel-Hamas war. Current ICC’s involvement in the Israel-Hamas war demonstrates that the ICC can function with proactive deterrent as well as a reactive punishment. The ICC’s jurisprudence is based on the naming of specific aspects of war and harm as war crimes. Depending on the facts of the Israel-Hamas war crimes and the subsequent investigation and trial by the ICC, the legal provisions likely to apply and the elements of the crimes to be proven are: first, the intentional infliction of severe suffering on the civilian population of Gaza (Article 8(2)(a)(iii)); and second, attacks on humanitarian aid workers or related targets operating in Gaza (Article 8(2)(b)(iii)); Article 8(2)(e)(iii)); third, causing excessive collateral death, injury or damage as a result of the invasion of the Gaza Strip (Article 8(2)(b)(iv)); fourth, forcible displacement of the population in the occupied territory of the Gaza Strip (Article 8(2)(b)(viii); Article 8(2)(e)(viii)); and fifth, a strategy of starvation by cutting off the supply of food, water and fuel to the population of the Gaza Strip (Article 8(2)(b)(xxv)). Investigations into war crimes under the ICC system have been initiated, and the mere intention of publicizing these investigations has already had some impact on the states involved. As for the effectiveness of punishment, it is unlikely that the ICC’s ex post facto punishment or threat of punishment of war criminals will immediately deter the crimes of the Israel-Palestinian war or protect its victims. However, the ICC’s preliminary examinations, investigations, legal interpretations, and decisions on the war crimes situation, even if they are perceived as non-binding declaratory or symbolic measures, may have the effect of steering the course of the war in a direction that minimizes war crimes.
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