점령과 병합의 국제법적 효과 - 우크라이나 전쟁과 가자 전쟁을 중심으로 -
Legal Consequences of Occupation and Annexation with Specific References to Ukraine and Gaza Wars
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2022년 2월 24일 러시아는 정당방위 권리의 행사를 주장하며 우크라이나를 전면 침공하였다. 2023년 10월 7일, 가자지구의 하마스가 이스라엘을 기습공격하였고, 이에 대해서 이스라엘도 정당방위를 주장하며 가자지구 내에서 군사작전을 수행하고 있다. 러시아와 우크라이나의 전쟁은 유럽인권재판소(ECtHR)에서 개인의 인권 침해와 유럽의 공공질서 위반 문제로 다뤄지고 있다. 최근 ECtHR은 러시아가 점령하는 크름과 돈바스 지역 내의 입법·행정조치들이 유럽인권협약(ECHR)을 위반한다고 판단하였다. 1966년 시민적 및 정치적 권리에 관한 국제규약(ICCPR)과 관련해서 유엔의 규약인권위원회(HRC)는 불법 점령하에서 러시아가 취한 여러 가지 조치들이 ICCPR에서 보호하는 인권을 침해한 것으로 판단하였다. 팔레스타인 점령 지역 문제에 대해서 ICJ는 이미 2004년에 권고적 의견을 내려서 이스라엘이 점령국으로서 팔레스타인 인민의 자결권을 침해한다고 판단하였다. ICJ는 2024년 권고적 의견에서 팔레스타인 지역을 불법 점령한 상태에서 취했던 조치들이 이들 지역을 병합하려는 의도에서 취해진 것으로 판단하였다. ECtHR은 점령지 내에서는 점령국인 러시아의 법이 아니라 우크라이나 법이 적용되어야 한다고 판단하였다. ICJ는 점령국인 이스라엘이 팔레스타인 지역에서 팔레스타인 인민의 자결권을 침해하지 않아야 한다고 하면서 이스라엘이 취한 각종 조치의 무효를 선언하였다. 주권국가가 영토확장의 목적으로 자국에 속하지 않은 영역에 대해서 무력을 사용하는 것이나 특정 지역에 거주하는 주민의 자결권을 침해하는 일련의 조치들은 국제법에서 금지하고 있다. 외국의 영토에 대해서 무력을 행사하고, 점령 후 병합하는 것은 일반적으로 침략 금지 위반의 결과로 인식하여 무력 사용 혹은 무력 위협의 금지에 관한 유엔헌장과 국제관습법을 위반한다. 2024년 ICJ는 팔레스타인 점령 지역에 대한 권고적 의견에서 이스라엘이 57년간 서안지구에서 이스라엘의 국가 권한을 확립하기 위하여 취한 다양한 조치들은 이스라엘 영역이 아닌 다른 영역을 영구적으로 통제하기 위한 병합 의도에서 취한 조치로서 국제법을 위반한다고 판단하였다. 이러한 권고적 의견은 무력 사용의 불법성과 구분해서 강제 병합의 불법성을 논할 수 있는 계기를 마련하였다는 점에서 주목할 만하다.
Abstract
On February 24, 2022, Russia launched a full-scale invasion of Ukraine, claiming the right to self-defense. On October 7, 2023, Hamas in the Gaza Strip launched a surprise attack on Israel, and Israel, claiming self-defense, conducted military operations in the Gaza Strip. The war between Russia and Ukraine is being dealt with by the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) as an issue of violation of individual human rights and public order of Europe. Recently, the ECtHR ruled that legislative and administrative acts taken by Russia in the occupied Crimea and Donbas regions violate the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). With respect to the 1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the Human Rights Committee (HRC) ruled that certain measures taken by Russia under the illegal occupation violated human rights protected by the ICCPR. The ICJ already issued an advisory opinion in 2004 regarding the issue of the Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT), determining that Israel, as an occupying power, violated the right to self-determination of the Palestinian people. In its advisory opinion in 2024, the ICJ determined that the measures Israel took in the OPT were taken to annex these territories. The ECtHR ruled that Ukrainian law, not the law of Russia as the occupying power, should be applied in the occupied territories. The ICJ declared various measures taken by Israel invalid, stating that Israel, as an occupying power, should not violate the right to self-determination of the Palestinian people in the OPT. The use of force by a sovereign state against an area not belonging to it for the purpose of territorial expansion or a series of measures that violate the right to self-determination of the population residing in a territorial unit are currently prohibited under international law. The use of force against foreign territory and subsequent annexation after occupation are generally recognized as a result of violation of the prohibition of aggression, and violate the UN Charter prohibiting the use or threat of force and customary international law. In its Advisory Opinion on the OPT of 2024, the ICJ ruled that the various measures Israel had taken in the West Bank over the past 57 years to entrench Israeli authority were in violation of international law as measures taken with the intent to annex areas other than Israeli territory in order to permanently control them. This advisory opinion is noteworthy in that it provided an opportunity to discuss the illegality of forced annexation, as distinct from the illegality of the use of force.
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