동일본대지진과 천황의 현재성
The Great East Japan Earthquake and the “Uniqueness” of the Current Japanese Emperor
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本稿は東日本大震災の以降、天皇への大衆的な関心の再浮上に関する政治的·社会的·心理的背景の分析を試みている。震災以後、天皇はビデオ·メッセージや被災地訪問などの動きを演出しながら、大衆的な無関心に放置されていた皇室の存在感を反転させることに成功した。それに災害の処理をめぐって政府の現わした無能や失敗を背景に、天皇は国家に代わる権力として見なされることもあった。災害の社会的空間におけるこのような天皇の浮上についての本稿の論旨は次のようである。災害と復興を語る天皇の言語は「理念」を欠ていた。また被災地で現れた天皇の行動はいかなる権威をも否定するかのような態度で示した。すなわち天皇の慰安は、理念と権威の「不在=欠如」をその中心的な論理としているのである。一方、政府の慰安が被災民から否定されたのと違って、天皇の慰安は好意的に受け止められた。こうした現象は天皇が何より災害をめぐる政治的な責任から自由である、いわば「象徴天皇」であることと無縁ではない。言い換えれば政治的に「無害な君主」という位相が、災害の処理をめぐって政治的な攻防がおこなわれる社会的な空間において、天皇の慰安を純粋なものにしたといえよう。震災直後の平成天皇の言動は、間違いなく昭和天皇の「終戦の勅語」と「全国巡行」を模倣したものである。しかしながら、震災社会の日本における天皇はより「純化」された象徴天皇に近いように見える。その意味で、震災以後天皇制の政治的·社会的な在り方については「現代性」に注目した理解が求められるのである。
Abstract
This essay analyzes the political, social and psychological background of the re-emergence of the significant interest to the Japanese Emperor, after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011. The Emperor did some activities through the media using the video messages and visitation of the damaged areas, which in turn, awakened the consciousness of the Japanese society. In particular, because of the inability and failure of the government to restore the affected areas and solve the problems caused by the disaster, the Emperor was considered an alternative power to the state. This study, regarding the presence of the Emperor before the masses, depicts the following statements: The words of the Emperor that referred to the reconstruction of the ruined areas had no . In fact, the Emperor didn't indicate any vision in the future. And the Emperor cast off the authority himself. The Emperor talked with the people residing in the affected areas sitting on the floor like them, despite being the emperor. The consolation of the Emperor to his people is based on the central logic, which is the "absence of his vision and authority." By the way, the people had different reactions towards the consolations given by the Emperor and the government. The Emperor's consolation was favorably acknowledged while the government's was not. During the postwar, the Japanese Emperor has been regarded as just a symbol. So unlike the government, the Emperor was free from any political responsibilities over the control and restoration of the ruined areas. The Exclusive favors to the Emperor by the people, it was made possible by free from the political responsibilities of the Emperor. The statement and behavior of the current Emperor after the earthquake definitely mimicked the "National Parade" and "rescript of the end of the war" of the Showa Emperor. However, his appearance, especially in the post-disaster, seems so close to be a "pure symbolical Emperor”. In this sense, it is necessary to understand the political and social existence of the imperial system focused on its "uniqueness."
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