프랑스의 왕정복고체제와 의원내각제의 태동
The “Restauration” and the Beginning of Parliamentary Government in France
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프랑스 의원내각제의 탄생에 중요한 역할을 하는 제2차 왕정복고체제는 나폴레옹의 패전에 따른 1814년 4월 6일의 상원헌법, 동 헌법에 대한 Louis ⅩⅧ의 거부, 1814년 6월 4일의 헌장제정, 1815년 4월 22일의 제정헌법 부속법과 나폴레옹의 패배에 따른 Louis ⅩⅧ 복귀과정을 겪은 다음 확립되게 되었다. 이와 같이 어려운 과정을 거쳐 확립된 제2차 왕정복고체제는 구체제의 유물인 권위의 원칙과 1789년 프랑스 대혁명의 성과인 자유의 원칙에 대한 통합으로서의 성격을 가지며, 헌법규범적으로는 군주주권, 국가권력의 통일성에 따른 왕에 의한 집행권과 입법권의 장악을 특징으로 한다. 그런데 제2차 왕정복고체제하에서는 헌장규범의 불충분함으로 인하여 봉답문, 청원권, 예산과 결산법률에 대한 토의 등과 같은 수단을 통해 의회의 정부에 대한 통제수단이 발전하게 되었으며, 그 결과 내각의 연대성과 상원과 하원의 불평등성을 특징으로 하는 내각의 정치적 책임이 일련의 헌법적 관행으로 확립되게 되었으며, 정부의 의회에 대한 견제수단인 하원해산권도 일련의 헌법적 관행을 거쳐 의원내각제의 일반적 매커니즘으로 정착하게 된다.
Abstract
The second “Restauration”, which had made a great contribution to the creation of the parliamentary government in France, was established through the incidents as follows:framing Constitution Sénatoriale on 6 April 1814 after Napoleon was defeated; Louis ⅩⅧ’s rejecting the Constitution Sénatoriale; establishing Charte on 4 June 1814 as well as Acte additionnel aux constitutions de l’Empire on 22 April 1815; the restoration of Louis ⅩⅧ’s rule owing to the collapse of Napoleonic regime. Established as a result of fierce political struggling, the second “Restauration” can be characterized as integration between the authoritarianism which was a remnant of ancien régime and the liberalism achieved through the French Revolution in 1789. In the light of normative constitution, it was a monarchy system and the powers to enforce and legislate were dominated by the King because of integration of state authority. However, as the lack and deficiency of the Charte under the second “Restauration” made Cabinet’s checking system towards the Government developed through adresse, right to petition, deliberation of laws on budget and accounts etc., political responsibility of the Cabinet was settled as a series of constitutional custom and it was characterized as engagement of the Cabinet with the Government and inequality between the Senate and House of Representatives (Chambre des représentatnts). Besides, “droit de dissolution”, one way for the cabinet to check the government was settled as a general mechanism in the parliamentary government.
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