“季氏將伐顓臾”章의 實狀과 孔子 비판의 함의

Abstract

In Analects 16.1, Confucius and Ran-you (冉有) argue about the head of the Ji family (季氏: Ji shi) attacking Zhuan-yu (顓臾). Ji shi thought that as a representative of Lu (魯), he should attack Zhuan-yu in order to prevent confusion ahead of time because Zhuan-yu is plotting to rebel. Ran-you agrees with Ji shi on a realistic level. Confucius defined the country of Zhuan-yu according to the standard of Zheng-ming (正名: observance of forms). Thus, Confucius regarded Ji shi as a powerful man who did evil, and Ran-you’s words denigrated it as a lame excuse. The conflict between Confucius and Ran-you is a confrontation between fundamentalism and utilitarianism. However, after all, Confucius has a double perception of reality. Confucius thought that the social and political order of Zhou li (周禮: the proprieties of Zhou) was an important bastion of stability. So he severely criticized the practice of violating the system of Zhou li and strongly advocated the implementation of kingly way politics. However, he also adhered to the principle of getting out of the real world without hesitation when it was difficult to realize. In large terms, the dual perception of reality on both sides of idealism and realism was in itself the intrinsic value of Confucian school.