본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

Moderating Effects of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Styles on Commitment and Satisfaction: A Comparative Study between Korean and US employees

신만수|조영삼
한국국제경영학회 (Korean Academy of International Business)|2015.05|국제경영연구 (International Business Journal)|제26권 제2호|pp. 129-159|DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.14365/ibj.2015.26.2.5

0

조회

0

다운로드

11

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

조직몰입한국Korea미국U.S.직무만족도변혁적 리더십거래적 리더십Job satisfactionOrganizational commitmentTransformational leadershipTransactional leadership
주제분류경영학

초록

In this study, the effects of two leadership styles on organizational commitment (OC) and job satisfaction (JS) are compared across countries. Based on culturally endorsed implicit leadership theory (CLT), we developed and empirically tested a two-by-two matrix model to identify differences in leadership effectiveness depending on the cultural context. Bass (1985) argued that transformational leadership (TFL) is built on a base of transactional leadership (TSL); therefore, a positive moderating effect may exist between these two leadership types. However, House (1996) challenged that argument by insisting that TSL has a negative moderating effect on employee outcome. In this study, we suggest that the moderating effect of TSL may differ depending on the culture. The results of our analysis of four groups classified according to the perceptions of subordinate workers (315 Korean and 181 U.S. employees) of TFL and TSL styles showed highest values for both OC and JS in the high-TFL and high-TSL groups in the Korean sample, while values for the high-TFL and low-TSL groups were highest for U.S. employees. To elucidate these findings further, we investigated the moderating effects of various subdimensions of TFL and TSL. The results indicated that TFL and TSL had positive moderating effects on OC and JS in Korea. However, no such moderating effect was evident in the U.S. sample. These results were consistent with the results of the two-by-two matrix. The findings of this study provide important insight into how managers can lead Korean and U.S. employees more successfully.

Abstract

In this study, the effects of two leadership styles on organizational commitment (OC) and job satisfaction (JS) are compared across countries. Based on culturally endorsed implicit leadership theory (CLT), we developed and empirically tested a two-by-two matrix model to identify differences in leadership effectiveness depending on the cultural context. Bass (1985) argued that transformational leadership (TFL) is built on a base of transactional leadership (TSL); therefore, a positive moderating effect may exist between these two leadership types. However, House (1996) challenged that argument by insisting that TSL has a negative moderating effect on employee outcome. In this study, we suggest that the moderating effect of TSL may differ depending on the culture. The results of our analysis of four groups classified according to the perceptions of subordinate workers (315 Korean and 181 U.S. employees) of TFL and TSL styles showed highest values for both OC and JS in the high-TFL and high-TSL groups in the Korean sample, while values for the high-TFL and low-TSL groups were highest for U.S. employees. To elucidate these findings further, we investigated the moderating effects of various subdimensions of TFL and TSL. The results indicated that TFL and TSL had positive moderating effects on OC and JS in Korea. However, no such moderating effect was evident in the U.S. sample. These results were consistent with the results of the two-by-two matrix. The findings of this study provide important insight into how managers can lead Korean and U.S. employees more successfully.

참고문헌 (73)

  1. 권종욱, "역할모호성과 역할갈등이 조직몰입에 미치는 영향: Hofstede 문화모형을 활용한 국가간 분석", 국제경영연구, 17(4), pp.81~104 (2006), 한국국제경영학회
  2. 김보인, "The Relationships among Organizational Commitment, its Antecedents and Outcomes in the Asian Context: The case of Korean and Thai employees", 국제경영연구, 23(1), pp.101~128 (2012), 한국국제경영학회
  3. 김보인, "한국과 미국 근로자의 감정적 조직몰입에 영향을 미치는 선행변수 분석: 직무특성, 의사결정참여 그리고 준거집단 별 집단주의를 중심으로", 국제경영리뷰, 17(2), pp.165~195 (2013), 한국국제경영관리학회
  4. 배준영, "한국 제조기업의 개인, 집단성과급 수준이 직원들의 조직몰입에 미치는 영향: 외국인 지분의 조절효과", 국제경영연구, 25(4), pp.1~26 (2014), 한국국제경영학회[DOI]
  5. 신만수, "한국투자기업의 현지종업원 조직몰입도 및 그의 결정요인: 인도네시아 및중국을 중심으로", 국제경영연구, 8(1), pp.245~277 (1997)
  6. 신만수, "종업원 조직몰입의 국제비교 1997-2002:인도네시아, 중국 및 한국을 중심으로", 국제통상연구, 8(1), pp.203~229 (2003), 한국국제통상학회
  7. 심원술, "조직몰입의 선행변수에 관한 국가별 비교연구: 한국, 미국, 중국을 중심으로", 국제경영연구, 15(3), pp.1~34 (2004), 한국국제경영학회
  8. 이장로, "한국 내 외국인투자기업의 변혁적 리더십 매커니즘: 심리적 임파워먼트의 구조분석을 중심으로", 국제경영리뷰, 18(2), pp.125~145 (2014), 한국국제경영관리학회
  9. Allen, N. J, "The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment to the Organization", Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), pp.1~18 (1990)
  10. Allen, N. J, "Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization : An Examination of Construct Validity", Journal of Vocational Behavior, 49(3), pp.252~276 (1996)
  11. Ashkanasy, N. M, "The Anglo Cluster : Legacy of the British Empire", Journal of World Business, 37(1), pp.28~39 (2002)
  12. Avolio, B. J, "Transformational Leadership and Organizational Commitment: Mediating Role of Psychological Empowerment and Moderating Role of Structural Distance", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(8), pp.951~968 (2004)
  13. Bass, B. M, "Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations" (1985), Free Press
  14. Bass, B. M, "Bass and Stogdill's Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications" (1990), The Free Press
  15. Bass, B. M, "Does the Transactional–Transformational Leadership Paradigm Transcend Organizational and National Boundaries?", American Psychologist, 52(2), pp.130~ (1997)
  16. Bass, B. M, "Two Decades of Research and Development in Transformational Leadership", European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(1), pp.9~32 (1999)
  17. Bass, B. M, "Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire: Manual Leader Form, Rater, and Scoring Key for MLQ (Form 5x-Short)" (2000), Mind Garden
  18. Bono, J. E, "Self-Concordance at Work : Toward Understanding the Motivational Effects of Transformational Leaders", Academy of Management Journal, 46(5), pp.554~571 (2003)
  19. Brayfield, A. H, "An Index of Job Satisfaction", Journal of Applied Psychology, 35(5), pp.307~311 (1951)
  20. Brislin, R. W, "Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research", Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1(3), pp.185~216 (1970)
  21. Chen, M, "Asian Management Systems: Chinese, Japanese and Korean Styles of Business" (2004), Routledge
  22. Chhokar, J. S, "Culture and Leadership across the World: The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Societies" (2012), Routledge
  23. Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, "Applied Multiple Regression", pp.1983, Cohen, J
  24. Connerley, M. L, "Leadership in a Diverse and Multicultural Environment: Developing Awareness, Knowledge, and Skills" (2005), Sage
  25. Deci, E. L, "The Support of Autonomy and the Control of Behavior", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53(6), pp.1024~1037 (1987)
  26. Den Hartog, D. N, "Culture Specific and Cross-Culturally Generalizable Implicit Leadership Theories : Are Attributes of Charismatic", Transformational Leadership Universally Endorsed?, 1999, pp.10(2), 219~256
  27. Dickson, M. W, "Research on Leadership in a Cross-Cultural Context: Making Progress, and Raising New Questions", The Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), pp.729~768 (2003)
  28. Dorfman, P. W, "Leadership in Western and Asian Countries : Commonalities and Differences in Effective Leadership Processes across Cultures", The Leadership Quarterly, 8(3), pp.233~274 (1997)
  29. Dorfman, P. W, "Leadership, Culture, and Organizations, The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies" (2004), Sage
  30. Euwema, M. C, "Leadership Styles and Group Organizational Citizenship Behavior across Cultures", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 28(8), pp.1035~1057 (2007)
  31. Fischer, R, "Reward Allocation and Culture A Meta-Analysis", Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34(3), pp.251~268 (2003)
  32. Griffeth, R. W, "A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents and Correlates of Employee Turnover: Update, Moderator Tests, and Research Implications for the Next Millennium", Journal of Management, 26(3), pp.463~488 (2000)
  33. Hanges, P, "An Information-Processing Perspective on Leadership and Culture : A Case for Connectionist Architecture", Applied Psychology, 49(1), pp.133~161 (2000)
  34. Hinkin, T. R, "A Theoretical and Empirical Examination of the Transactional and Non-Leadership Dimensions of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ)", The Leadership Quarterly, 19, pp.501~513 (2008)
  35. Hoffman, R. C, "The Impact of Managerial Skills on Employee Outcomes : A Cross Cultural Study", The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(7), pp.1414~1435 (2012)
  36. Hofstede, G. H, "Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work- Related Values" (1980), Sage
  37. Hofstede, G. H, "Cultures and Organizations: The Software of the Mind" (1991), McGraw-Hill
  38. Hofstede, G. H, "Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations across Nations" (2001), Sage
  39. House, R. J, "Path-Goal Theory of Leadership : Lessons, Legacy, and a Reformulated Theory", The Leadership Quarterly, 7(3), pp.323~352 (1996)
  40. House, R. J, "Culture, Leadership, and Organizations" (2004), Sage
  41. Howell, J. M, "Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Locus of Control, and Support for Innovation: Key Predictors of Consolidated-Business-Unit Performance", Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(6), pp.891~902 (1993)
  42. Jackson, T. A, "Leadership, Commitment, and Culture: A Meta-Analysis", Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20(1), pp.84~106 (2013)
  43. Javidan, M, "In the Eye of the Beholder: Cross Cultural Lessons in Leadership from Project GLOBE", The Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(1), pp.67~90 (2006)
  44. Judge, T. A, "Transformational and Transactional Leadership : A Meta-Analytic Test of Their Relative Validity", Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(5), pp.755~768 (2004)
  45. Jung, D. I, "Perceptions of Transformational Leadership among Asian Americans and Caucasian Americans : A Level of Analysis Perspective", Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 8(1), pp.3~21 (2001)
  46. Jung, D. I, "Moderating Role of Subordinates' Attitudes on Transformational Leadership and Effectiveness : A Multi-Cultural and Multi-Level Perspective", The Leadership Quarterly, 20(4), pp.586~603 (2009)
  47. Kirkman, B. L, "Individual Power Distance Orientation and Follower Reactions to Transformational Leaders: A Cross-Level, Cross-Cultural Examination", Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), pp.744~764 (2009)
  48. Lin, W, "Abusive Supervision and Employee Well-Being: The Moderating Effect of Power Distance Orientation", Applied Psychology, 62(2), pp.308~329 (2013)
  49. Locke, E. A, "Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology" (1976), Consulting Psychologitsts Press
  50. Long, W, "Leadership Research in Asia: Taking the Road Less Traveled", Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 29(2), pp.195~204 (2012)
  51. Lord, R. G, "A Test of Leadership Categorization Theory: Internal Structure, Information Processing, and Leadership Perceptions", Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 34(3), pp.343~378 (1984)
  52. Lord, R. G, "Leadership and Information Processing: Linking perceptions and performance" (2002), Routledge
  53. Mathieu, J. E, "A Review and Meta-analysis of the Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences of Organizational Commitment", Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), pp.171~194 (1990)
  54. Meyer, J. P, "Organizational Commitment and Job Performance: It's the Nature of the Commitment That Count", Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(1), pp.152~156 (1989)
  55. Meyer, J. P, "A Three-Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment", Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), pp.61~89 (1991)
  56. Mulki, J. P, "Workplace Isolation : Salespeople and Supervisors in USA", The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(4), pp.902~923 (2011)
  57. Pekerti, A, "Exploring Servant Leadership across Cultures : Comparative Study in Australia and Indonesia", The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(5), pp.754~780 (2010)
  58. Piccolo, R. F, "The Relative Impact of Complementary Leader Behaviors : Which Matter Most?", The Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), pp.567~581 (2012)
  59. Pieterse, A. N, "Transformational and Transactional Leadership and Innovative Behavior: The Moderating Role of Psychological Empowerment", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(4), pp.609~623 (2010)
  60. Riketta, M, "Attitudinal Organizational Commitment and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis", Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(3), pp.257~266 (2002)
  61. Rosing, K, "Explaining the Heterogeneity of the Leadership-Innovation Relationship : Ambidextrous Leadership", The Leadership Quarterly, 22(5), pp.956~974 (2011)
  62. Schaubroeck, J, "Embracing Transformational Leadership : TeamValues and the Impact of Leader Behavior on TeamPerformance", Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), pp.1020~ (2007)
  63. Schriesheim, C. A, "An Investigation of Path-Goal and Transformational Leadership Theory Predictions at the Individual Level of Analysis", The Leadership Quarterly, 17(1), pp.21~38 (2006)
  64. Schriesheim, C. A, "AMeso Measure? Examination of the Levels of Analysis of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire(MLQ)", The Leadership Quarterly, 20, pp.604~616 (2009)
  65. Schwartz, S. H, "Universals in the Content and Structure of Values : Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries", Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25(1), pp.1~65 (1992)
  66. Schwartz, S. H, "A Theory of Cultural Values and Some Implications for Work", Applied Psychology, 48(1), pp.23~47 (1999)
  67. Sun, P. T. T, "Civic Capacity: Building on Transformational Leadership to Explain Successful Integrative Public Leadership", The Leadership Quarterly, 23, pp.309~323 (2012)
  68. Vecchio, R. P, "The Utility of Transactional and Transformational Leadership for Predicting Performance and Satisfaction within a Path-Goal Theory Framework", Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 81(1), pp.71~82 (2008)
  69. Vidyarthi, P. R, "Do Emotionally Perceptive Leaders Motivate Higher Employee Performance? The Moderating Role of Task Interdependence and Power Distance", The Leadership Quarterly, 25(2), pp.232~244 (2014)
  70. Wang, P, "Family-Friendly Programs, Organizational Commitment, and Work Withdrawal : The Moderating Role of Transformational Leadership", Personnel Psychology, 60(2), pp.397~427 (2007)
  71. Wu, J. B, "Consequences of Differentiated Leadership in Groups", Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), pp.90~106 (2010)
  72. Yukl, G. A, "Leadership in Organizations" (2002), Prentice Hall
  73. Zhu, W, "CEO Transformational Leadership and Organizational Outcomes : The Mediating Role of Human–Capital-Enhancing Human Resource Management", The Leadership Quarterly, 16(1), pp.39~52 (2005)

관련 논문AI추천

Effectiveness of Group- and Individual-Focused Transformational Leadership: A Comparative Study between Korean and Japanese Employees from Crossvergence Perspective조영삼한국국제경영학회 · 국제경영연구2016 · 제27권 제3호Which Leadership Matters?: Comparison of the Effect of Transformational and Transactional Leadership and Relationship between Organizational Performance and Job Satisfaction이건형, 조기웅한국비교정부학회 · 한국비교정부학보2022 · 제26권 제3호Unveiling the Impact of Leadership Interplay on Organizational Commitment김태희, 오민지서울대학교행정대학원 · Journal of Policy Studies2023 · 제38권 제4호변혁적 리더십 및 거래적 리더십이 직무만족, 조직몰입에 미치는 영향 - 한국 기업·중국 기업 비교로 -이월, 나상문, 송덕종, 최우성한국관광산업학회 · Tourism Research2016 · 제41권 제4호변혁적/거래적 리더십이 조직몰입에 미치는 영향: 조직문화의 조절효과를 중심으로류병곤, 류은영재단법인 경기연구원 · GRI연구논총2013 · 제15권 제3호부서장 리더십 유형이 조직몰입에 미치는 영향:거래적 리더십과 변혁적 리더십을 중심으로성중안, 최재웅, 한만용(사)디지털산업정보학회 · (사)디지털산업정보학회 논문지2014 · 제10권 제4호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (6건)

한국기업의 브라질 운영모드 선택 결정요인: 비즈니스 네트워크 관점의 실증연구이재혁, 김순성pp. 1-32글로벌 강소기업으로 성장하기 위한 역량이영주, 윤동진pp. 33-61제휴 포트폴리오가 기업성과에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구: 자원과 교섭력의 상호작용 관점에서강진아, 조길수, 윤석준pp. 63-97모바일 쇼핑만족도에 영향을 미치는 고객특성에 관한 연구: 한국, 중국, 미국, 일본 4개국 비교전종근, 박철, 이태민pp. 99-128Must-Have Items: A Position-Oriented Product is More Appealing in Korea than Canada김창수, 정인식pp. 161-179
원문 보기