본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

Examining Entrepreneurial Competences of Asian Female University Students: A Four Country Comparison

김미란|김미성|안진원|김명희
한국벤처창업학회 (The Korean Society of Business Venturing)|2022.06|벤처창업연구 (Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship)|제17권 제3호|pp. 33-50|DOI 10.16972/apjbve.17.3.202206.33

0

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

아시아Asiafemale college students기업가 역량여성기업가정신female entrepreneurshipentrepreneurial competencesfemale entrepreneurial competences여성기업가 역량여성대학생

초록

While the number of female entrepreneurs has been increasing, and female entrepreneurship has been increasingly perceived as a driving force of sustainable economic development, there is a lack of studies of female entrepreneurship, particularly in the non-Western regions. This study aims to explore current levels of entrepreneurial competences of female college students in four Asian countries (i.e., Indonesia, Korea, Philippines, and Vietnam), differences in the competences between countries, and factors affecting their entrepreneurial competences. Using online surveys, the present study collected data from 516 female Asian college students and examined their entrepreneurial competences in six dimensions-entrepreneurship, sensibility, business management, relationship management, strategic management, and multi-tasking. This study also investigated effects of four variables (i.e., entrepreneurship course taking experiences, on-campus entrepreneurship experiences, off-campus entrepreneurship experiences, and entrepreneurial intentions) on the six aspects of entrepreneurial competences. Data analysis reveals that female Asian college students as a whole group possess quite high levels of entrepreneurial competences while the Filipino students show the biggest competence in all the six dimensions measured. As regards affecting factors, this study finds that, in the total sample, regression equations are significant in all the six dimensions of entrepreneurial competences. On-campus experiences have significantly positive effects on those six dimensions while course taking experiences and entrepreneurial intentions positively affect three different dimensions each. However, out-of-campus experiences turn out to be negative though their effects are insignificant. Meanwhile, in individual samples, different factors affect different dimensions of entrepreneurial competences. Based on these findings, the present study suggests some actions for promoting female entrepreneurship and for conducting future studies.

Abstract

While the number of female entrepreneurs has been increasing, and female entrepreneurship has been increasingly perceived as a driving force of sustainable economic development, there is a lack of studies of female entrepreneurship, particularly in the non-Western regions. This study aims to explore current levels of entrepreneurial competences of female college students in four Asian countries (i.e., Indonesia, Korea, Philippines, and Vietnam), differences in the competences between countries, and factors affecting their entrepreneurial competences. Using online surveys, the present study collected data from 516 female Asian college students and examined their entrepreneurial competences in six dimensions-entrepreneurship, sensibility, business management, relationship management, strategic management, and multi-tasking. This study also investigated effects of four variables (i.e., entrepreneurship course taking experiences, on-campus entrepreneurship experiences, off-campus entrepreneurship experiences, and entrepreneurial intentions) on the six aspects of entrepreneurial competences. Data analysis reveals that female Asian college students as a whole group possess quite high levels of entrepreneurial competences while the Filipino students show the biggest competence in all the six dimensions measured. As regards affecting factors, this study finds that, in the total sample, regression equations are significant in all the six dimensions of entrepreneurial competences. On-campus experiences have significantly positive effects on those six dimensions while course taking experiences and entrepreneurial intentions positively affect three different dimensions each. However, out-of-campus experiences turn out to be negative though their effects are insignificant. Meanwhile, in individual samples, different factors affect different dimensions of entrepreneurial competences. Based on these findings, the present study suggests some actions for promoting female entrepreneurship and for conducting future studies.

참고문헌 (110)

  1. Ahl, H. J, "The Making of the Female Entrepreneur: A Discourse Analysis of Research Texts on Women’s Entrepreneurship", Doctor, pp.2002
  2. 안진원, "잠재적 기업가정신에 대한 문화의 영향: 캄보디아, 몽골, 네팔, 페루 및 르완다 대학생 사례 비교 연구", 벤처창업연구, 12(4), pp.97~108 (2017), 한국벤처창업학회[DOI]
  3. Ahmad, N., "Knowledge, Learning and Innovation: Contributions to Management Science" (2018), Springer
  4. Amatucci, F. M., "Financial Self-efficacy among Women Entrepreneurs", International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 3(1), pp.23~37 (2011)
  5. Anwar, I., "Effect of Entrepreneurial Education on Entrepreneurial Intention of Indian Students", International Journal of Research, 5(12), pp.2306~2316 (2018)
  6. Anwar, I., "Entrepreneurial Intention among Female University Students : Examining the Moderating Role of Entrepreneurial Education", Journal of International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, 12(4), pp.217~234 (2020)
  7. Aparicio, S., "Institutional Factors, Opportunity Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth : Panel Data Evidence", Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 102(1), pp.45~61 (2016)
  8. "The Role of New Media on Women Entrepreneurship Development in the Philippines" (2016)[URL]
  9. 배병윤, "대학생의 기업가정신이 창업의도에 미치는 영향: 성별 및 전공의 조절효과를 중심으로", 벤처창업연구, 13(6), pp.63~74 (2018), 한국벤처창업학회[DOI]
  10. Bamiatzi, V., "The Role of Competencies in Shaping the Leadership Style of Female Entrepreneurs : The Case of North West of England, Yorkshire, and North Wales", Journal of Small Business Management, 53(3), pp.627~644 (2015)
  11. BarNir, A., "Mediation and Moderated Mediation in the Relationship among Role Models, Self-efficacy, Entrepreneurial Career Intention, and Gender", Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(2), pp.270~297 (2011)
  12. Baron, R. A., "Editor’s Introduction. Entrepreneurs’ behavior: Elucidation and Measurement", Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 36(5), pp.889~913 (2003)
  13. Batjargal, B., "Entrepreneurial Versatility, Resources and Firm Performance in Russia: A Panel Study", International Journal of Entrepreneurial and Innovation Management, 6(3, pp.4) (2005), 284~297[DOI]
  14. Becker, B. A., "Open Innovation Concept:Integrating Universities and Business in Digital Age", Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 4(12), pp.1~16 (2018)
  15. Bird, B., "Implementing entrepreneurial ideas : The case for intentions", Academy of Management Review, 13(3), pp.442~454 (1988)
  16. Bird, B., "Towards a theory of entrepreneurial competency, Advances in Entrepreneurship", Firm Emergence and Growth, 2, pp.51~72 (1995)
  17. Black, D. A., "How Robust Is the Evidence on the Effects of College Quality? Evidence from Matching", Journal of Econometric, 121(1-2), pp.99~124 (2004)
  18. Blenker, P., "Handbook of Research in Entrepreneurship Education", pp.43~53 (2010)
  19. Boyatzis, R. E, "The Competent Manager: A Model for Effective Performance" (1982), John Wiley & Sons
  20. Boyatzis, R. E., "Competencies in the 21st Century", The Journal of Management Development, 27(1), pp.5~12 (2008)
  21. Brush, C. G., "Women Entrepreneurs and the Global Environment for Growth: A Research Perspective" (2010), Edward Elgar Publishing
  22. Brush, C. G., "Growth-oriented Women Entrepreneurs and their Businesses: A Global Perspective" (2006), Edward Elgar Publishing
  23. Brush, C. G., "A Gender-aware Framework for Women’s Entrepreneurship", International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 1(1), pp.8~24 (2009)
  24. Bui, M., "Women’s Economic Empowerment in Vietnam : Performance and Constraints of Female-Led Manufacturing SMEs", Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(6), pp.255~ (2021)
  25. Bullough, A., "Women’s Business Ownership : Operating Within the Context of Institutional and In-Group Collectivism", Journal of Management, 4(7), pp.2037~2064 (2017)
  26. Busenitz, L. W., "Entrepreneurial Risk and Strategic Decision Making : It’s a Matter of Perspective", Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 35(3), pp.325~340 (1999)
  27. Byrne, J., "Handbook of Research in Entrepreneurship Education", pp.297~312 (2010)
  28. Cabrera, E. M., "Factors Affecting the Success of Women’s Entrepreneurship : A Review of Literature", International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), pp.31~66 (2017)
  29. Capri, A., "Micro and Small Businesses in Indonesia’s Digital Economy : Keys To Developing Skills and Human Capital", Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada, 56 (2017)
  30. Chandler, G., "Market Attractiveness, Resource-based Capabilities, Venture Strategies and Venture Performance", Journal of Small Business Management, 12(1), pp.27~35 (1994)
  31. Chandler, G., "The Founder’s Self-assessed Competence and Venture Performance", Journal of Business Venturing, 7(3), pp.223~236 (1992)
  32. Chawla, S. K., "Critical Success Factors from an Organizational Life Cycle Perspective : Perceptions of Small Business Owners from Different Business Environments", Journal of Business Entrepreneurship, 9(1), pp.47~58 (1997)
  33. Chell, E., "Review of Skill and the Entrepreneurial Process", International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 19(1), pp.6~31 (2013)
  34. Cho, Y., "Women Entrepreneurs in South Korea: Motivations, Challenges and Career Success", European Journal of Training and Development (2020)[DOI]
  35. Daily, C. M., "Governance and Strategic Leadership in Entrepreneurial Firms", Journal of Management, 28(3), pp.387~412 (2002)
  36. De Bruin, A., "Introduction to the Special Issue : Towards Building Cumulative Knowledge on Women’s Entrepreneurship", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), pp.585~593 (2006)
  37. De Bruin, A., "Advancing a Framework for Coherent Research on Women’s Entrepreneurship", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), pp.323~339 (2007)
  38. De Vita, L. A., "Women Entrepreneurs in and from Developing Countries : Evidences from the Literature", European Management Journal, 32(3), pp.451~460 (2013)
  39. "2020 MSME Statistics" (2020)[URL]
  40. Dimitratos, P., "Micro-multinational or Not? International Entrepreneurship, Networking and Learning Effects", Journal of Business Research, 67(5), pp.908~915 (2014)
  41. Elam, A. B., "Gender and Entrepreneurship: A Multilevel Theory and Analysis" (2008), Edward Elgar Publishing
  42. "Institutional Logics:Gender and Business Creation across GEM Countries" (2007)[URL]
  43. Elam, A., "Gendered Institutions and Cross-National Patterns of Business Creation for Men and Women", European Journal of Development Research, 22(3), pp.331~348 (2010)
  44. Elliott, C., "An Entrepreneurship Education and Peer Mentoring Program for Women in STEM : Mentors’ Experiences and Perceptions of Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy and Intent", International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16(1), pp.43~67 (2020)
  45. Entrialgo, M., "Characteristics of Managers as Determinants of Entrepreneurial Orientation : Some Spanish Evidence", Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 1(2), pp.187~205 (2000)
  46. Women Entrepreneurs, their Ventures and the Venture Capital Industry: An Annotated Bibliography, "Gatewood, E.", ESBRI, ~
  47. "Statistical Handbook of Vietnam 2015" (2015)[URL]
  48. Glancey, K., "Determinants of Growth and Profitability in Small Entrepreneurial Firm", International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 4(1), pp.18~27 (1998)
  49. "Global Report 2017/18" (2018)[URL]
  50. Goedhuys, M., "Entrepreneurship and Growth of Entrepreneurial Firm in Cote d’Ivoire", Journal of Development Studies, 36(3), pp.123~144 (2000)
  51. Gupta, V. K., "Gender Differences in Evaluation of New Business Opportunity", Journal of Business Venturing, 29(2), pp.273~288 (2014)
  52. Heo, U., "South Korea's rise: Economic development, power, and foreign relations" (2014), Cambridge University Press
  53. Herron, L., "A Structural Model of the Effects of Entrepreneurial Characteristics on Venture Performance", Journal of Business Venturing, 8(3), pp.281~294 (1993)
  54. Horne, M., "Understanding the Competitive Process : A Guide to Effective Intervention in the Small Firms Sector", European Journal of Operational Resources, 56(1), pp.54~66 (1992)
  55. Honjo, Y., "Growth of New Start-up Firms : Evidence from the Japanese Manufacturing Industry", Applied Economics, 36(4), pp.343~355 (2004)
  56. Izquierdo, E., "What Entrepreneurial Competencies should be emphasized in Entrepreneurship and Innovation Education at the Undergraduate Level?", Handbook of Research in Entrepreneurship Education International perspectives, 3, pp.194~207 (2010)
  57. Kaur, H., "Understanding the Concept of Entrepreneur Competency", Journal of Business Management & Social Sciences Research, 2(11), pp.31~33 (2013)
  58. Kabir, M., "Entrepreneurial Competency as Determinant for Success of Female Entrepreneurs in Nigeria", Indonesian Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, 3(2), pp.143~152 (2017)
  59. Kawai, N., "Female Entrepreneurs’Cognitive Attributes and Venture Growth in Japan : The Moderating Role of Perceived Social Legitimacy", International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 13(1), pp.1~29 (2020)
  60. 2017 Report on Women’s Entrepreneurship, Babson College, "Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2016", pp.2016, Kelley, D. J.
  61. 김종운, "An International Analysis of University Students’ Entrepreneurial Intentions : A Four Country Comparison", 기업가정신과 벤처연구, 18(1), pp.1~14 (2015), 한국중소기업학회
  62. Kim, M. R, "Development of Female Entrepreneurial Competency Model and Diagnostic Tool", Doctor, pp.2020
  63. Kolvereid, L., "New Business Startup and Subsequent Entry into Self-Employment", Journal of Business Venturing, 21(6), pp.866~885 (2006)
  64. "2017 Survey of Venture Firm" (2017)[URL]
  65. Kyndt, E., "Entrepreneurial Competencies : Assessment and Predictive Value for Entrepreneurship", Journal of Vocational Behavior, 90, pp.13~25 (2015)
  66. Langevang, T., "Diverging Pathways : Young Female Employment and Entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa", The Geographical Journal, 178(3), pp.242~252 (2012)
  67. Lans, T., "Handbook of Research in Entrepreneurship Education", pp.54~67 (2010)
  68. Lerner, M., "Relationships among Strategic Capabilities and the Performance of Women-owned Small Ventures", Journal of Small Business Management, 40(2), pp.109~125 (2002)
  69. Lucia, A. D., "The Art and Science of Competency Models: Pinpointing Critical Success Factors in Organizations" (1999), Pfeiffer
  70. Man, T. W. Y., "The Context of Entrepreneurship in Hong Kong : An Investigation through the Patterns of Entrepreneurial Competencies in Contrasting Industrial Environments", Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 12(4), pp.464~481 (2005)
  71. Man, T. W. Y., "The Competitiveness of Small and Medium Enterprises : A Conceptualization with Focus on Entrepreneurial Competencies", Journal of Business Venturing, 17(2), pp.123~142 (2002)
  72. Man, T. W. Y., "Entrepreneurial Competencies and the Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises : An Investigation through a Framework of Competitiveness", Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 21(3), pp.257~276 (2008)
  73. Melissa, E., "Impact of Information Society Research in the Global South" (2015), Springer
  74. Meyer, N., "An Econometric Analysis of Entrepreneurial Activity, Economic Growth and Employment : The Case of the BRICS Countries", International Journal of Economic Perspectives, 11(2), pp.429~441 (2017)
  75. "2017 Women Entrepreneurs White Paper" (2018)[URL]
  76. "Female Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries" (2010)[URL]
  77. Mitchelmore, S., "Entrepreneurial Competencies : A Literature Review and Development Agenda", International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 16(2), pp.92~111 (2010)
  78. Mitchelmore, S., "Growth and Planning Strategies within Women-led SMEs", Management Decision, 51(1), pp.83~96 (2013)
  79. Entrepreneurship and Economic Development: Theory, Evidence and Policy, "Naudé, W. A", University of Maastricht, ~, pp.IZA DP No. 7507 (2013)
  80. Ndemo, B., "Women Entrepreneurs and Strategic Decision Making", Management Decision, 45(1), pp.118~130 (2007)
  81. Nekka, H., "Handbook of Research in Entrepreneurship Education", pp.166~182 (2010)
  82. Pearson, C. A. L., "Differences and Similarities of Entrepreneurial Characteristics in a Diverse Social Setting : Evidence from Australian and Singaporean Managers", Journal of Enterprising Culture, 9(03), pp.273~289 (2001)
  83. Petrakis, P. E., "Time and Risk Entrepreneurial Characteristics of Growth : The Case of Persisted Light Industrial Prototypes", iBusiness, 2(1), pp.19~28 (2010)
  84. "Republic Act No. 9740. The Magna Carta of Women: Implementing Rules and Regulations" (2010)[URL]
  85. Priyanto, S. H., "Relationship between Entrepreneurial Learning, Entrepreneurial Competencies and Venture Success: Empirical Study on SMEs", International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 5(5-6), pp.454~468 (2005)
  86. Rathna, K. G., "Competencies of entrepreneurs and intrapreneurs : A comparative study", South Asian Journal of Management, 16(2), pp.28~60 (2009)
  87. Resurrection, P. F., "Entrepreneurial Competencies and Work Life Balances of Rural Women Entrepreneurs : Evidence from the Philippines", Journal of Sociological Research, 3(2), pp.544~556 (2012)
  88. Rezaei, M. H., "A Survey of Students’Entrepreneurship Traits : A Case Study of Darab Islamic Azad University", Quarterly Journal of New Approach in Educational Administration, 4(2), pp.45~62 (2009)
  89. Rezaei-Zadeh, M., "Using Interactive Management to Identify, Rank and Model Entrepreneurial Competencies as Universities’ Entrepreneurship Curricula", The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 23(1), pp.57~94 (2014)
  90. Robb, A. M., "Entrepreneurial Performance by Women and Minorities : The Case of New Firms", Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 7(4), pp.383~397 (2002)
  91. Sadler-Smith, E., "Management Behavior, Entrepreneurial Style, and Small Firm Performance", Journal of Small Business Management, 41(1), pp.47~67 (2003)
  92. Schneider, K., "Entrepreneurial Competencies of Women Entrepreneurs of Micro and Small Enterprises", Science Journal of Education, 5(6), pp.252~261 (2017)
  93. Silveyra, G., "Model of Teachable Entrepreneurship Competencies(M-TEC)Scale Development", International Journal of Management Education, 19(1), pp.1~20 (2021)
  94. Simpson, J, "Promoting Women’s Entrepreneurship Development: Women’s Entrepreneurship Development" (2011), ILO
  95. Singer, S., "Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2014 Global Report", Executive Report, 3, pp.66~70 (2015)
  96. Spencer, L. M., "Competence at Work : Model for Superior Performance", Human Resource Development Quarterly, 5(4), pp.391~395 (1993)
  97. Tehseen, S., "Entrepreneurial Competencies and SMEs Business Success : The Contingent Role of External Integration", Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), pp.50~61 (2015)
  98. Tajeddini, K., "Entrepreneurial Characteristics in Switzerland and the UK : A Comparative Study of Techno-entrepreneurs", Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 7(1), pp.1~25 (2009)
  99. Velasco, A. L., "Entrepreneurship Education in the Philippines", DLSU Business & Economics Review, 22(2), pp.1~14 (2013)
  100. Philippine Entrepreneurship Report 2015-2016, "Velasco, A. L.", De La Salle University Publishing House, ~ (2015)
  101. Venkatesh, V., "Networks, Technology, and Entrepreneurship : A Field Quasi-Experiment among Women in Rural India", Academy of Management Journal, 60(5), pp.1709~1740 (2017)
  102. Vershinina, N., "Gaining Legitimacy through Proactive Stakeholder Management : The Experiences of High-tech Women Entrepreneurs in Russia", Journal of Business Research, 119, pp.111~121 (2020)
  103. Villasana, M., "Examining Entrepreneurial Attributes of Latin American Female University Students", Gender and Education, 28(1), pp.148~166 (2016)
  104. Voda, A. I., "Impact of Personality Traits and Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Intentions of Business and Engineering Students", Sustainability, 11(4), pp.1192~ (2019)
  105. Volery, T., "Entrepreneur Ambidexterity : A Study of Entrepreneur Behaviors and Competencies in Growth Oriented Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises", International Small Business Journal, 33(2), pp.109~129 (2015)
  106. Wagener, S., "Businessman or Host? Individual Differences between Entrepreneurs and Small Business Owners in the Hospitality Industry", The Service Industries Journal, 30(9), pp.1513~1527 (2010)
  107. Weaver, K. M., "Handbook of University-wide Entrepreneurship Education", pp.107~121 (2009)
  108. Wong, W. K., "Individual Entrepreneurial Characteristics and Entrepreneurial Success Potential", International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management, 2(3), pp.277~292 (2005)
  109. "Women Entrepreneurs in Indonesia: A Pathway to Increasing Shared Prosperity" (2016)[URL]
  110. Wu, Z., "Second-Order Gender Effects:The Case of U.S. Small Business Borrowing Cost", Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(3), pp.443~463 (2012)

관련 논문AI추천

Start-Up Intentions of Female University Students in Korea: Examining the Mediating Role of Marketing Self-efficacy김정래대한산업경영학회 · 산업융합연구2025 · 제23권 제1호A Study of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Orientation of Korean and Chinese University Students: Focused on Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy as Mediator양준환한국벤처창업학회 · 벤처창업연구2020 · 제15권 제3호A Comparison Study of Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation: Among Korean, Chinese and Japanese University Students양준환한국벤처창업학회 · 벤처창업연구2021 · 제16권 제3호The Effect of Role Model on Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intention: Focused on Korean and Chinese University Students양준환한국벤처창업학회 · 벤처창업연구2019 · 제14권 제2호Impeding Factors of Women's Entrepreneurship in Korea: Debate on Inherence vs Ambiance한유진한국창업학회 · 한국창업학회지2010 · 제5권 제3호한·중 기업가정신교육이 창업의지에 미치는 영향 : 기업가정신 매개효과 및 성별 조절효과를 중심으로남정민, 박준혁, 송은실한국진로·창업경영학회 · 한국진로창업경영학회지2021 · 제5권 제4호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (17건)

창업지원정책이 기업가정신에 미치는 영향: 중소벤처기업부 팁스(TIPS) 지원사업을 중심으로김미주pp. 1-17공공 액셀러레이터 투자 효과에 관한 연구홍정오, 김문겸pp. 19-31창업경험과 창업의도의 관계에 대한 연구:사회인지적 요인의 매개효과 및 성별의 조절효과박정현pp. 51-76기업가적 리더십이 조직 구성원의 창의성에 미치는 영향: 혁신 분위기의 조절효과 및 심리적 임파워먼트의 매개효과권상집pp. 77-87한국과 중국 대학생들의 창업의도 영향요인과 국가 간 차이: 창업효능감, 사회적 지지 및 정부지원정책을 중심으로남정민, 박재춘pp. 89-101
원문 보기