발해 상경성 내 제1절터의 건축적 성격

Abstract

In Sanggyeong Fortress, Balhae, 9 Buddhist temple sites have been excavated so far. The first temple site has the characteristic having layout that the annexes of a building were built both sides of Geumdang, the main building, and connect the main building and the annexes with the corridor. In addition, another characteristic is that out of plan-types of the Geumdang, the main building is the double-walled room having alcova at four directions. The structure that connect the main building and the annexes with the corridor can be referred to as ‘penthouse style’ and this case is very rare. For the Buddhist temple currently existed, there is Houou-Do at Byodoin in Japan, which is the representative temple of Pure Land Buddhism in Japan during 11th century. In China, there is no Guibang style Buddhist temple currently existed but various cases appear in the painting of Amitadang at Dunhuang mural. In Shilla, the Guibang style layout has not been found yet. For the usage of annex, the dominating opinion considers it as the bell tower or sutra tower but since there is the cases that the annex is the auxiliary Buddhist temple like Beopseong Temple, Japan and Shan Hua Si, China, it cannot be concluded easily. Although Guibang-style structure, which the main building and the annexes are composed as integrated type, is the rare case enough to appear only in the first temple in Sanggyeong Fortress. Considering the similar cases in the similar period in China and Japan and the relics discovered in Sanggyeong Fortress, the nature of first temple site can be estimated as the sukhavati temple. The scholars from North Korea claimed that the double-walled floor plan that the main building is composed of the inner room and the outer room is the characteristic of Balhae only. However, considering that there are various cases such as Manijeon(摩尼殿) at Yungheungsa(隆興寺) and Seokatap at Bulgungsa(佛 宮寺釋迦塔) during Song Daynasty, Geumdang(金堂) at Sacheonwangsa(四天王寺), Junggeumdang(中金堂) at Hwangryongsa(黃龍寺) during Shilla, etc. it could be the general type of Buddhist temple plan that was popular during 6~ 10 century.