渤海 上京城 佛敎寺院址의 建立年代와 佛像 奉安의 復原

Abstract

The mainstream of scholarly discussion on the investigation of the buddhist temples and restoration of Buddhist images enshrinement on Sanggyeongcheng City of Balhae was carried out. In Chapter Ⅱ, I arrange synthetically about the location of the Sanggyeongcheng City buddhist temples that were excavated up to the present, the year of excavation and trial pits, research institutions, research objects, definite contents and excavated materials. Especially, I mention the specific substances about the 4ㆍ5ㆍ6 temple sites which were excavated in 1993ㆍ1994 and the 1ㆍ9 temple sites which were excavated in 1964. I also arrange collectively the names of the temple site, locations, the size of the buildings, the spots of excavated materials and the excavated circumstances to colligate things which were mixed through the academic world. In Chapter Ⅲ, I observe the Building history of Sanggyeongcheng City buddhist temples through Buddhist altars and shrines. Like the 5․6 temple sites, the Buddhist altar of square on the middle of the Buddhist shrine is similar to temple structures and stone caves of the late of 7C~8C in China. The Buddhist alter of ⩎style in the 1․9 temple sites is similar to palace structures of the 7C in Tang Dynasty, but they are directly connected with the temple sites and stone caves of the late of 8C ~ 11C. Furthermore in the 4․5 temple sites, the style of small modeling is in the latter period of Silla or the latter period of Dang and Five dynasty, and also the gilt bronze statue of the Buddha and the style of the stone statue of the Buddha which were excavated in other Sanggyeongcheng City temples are during the transitional period between the late Silla and the early Goryeo period. Namely, the temple site of Sanggyeongcheng City in Balhae was possiblly established during 794~926 during the period of the last capital. In Chapter Ⅳ, I present assumption proposals for the buddhist temples and restoration of Buddhist images enshrinement, and I assume some restoration proposals about prototype enshrinement and space formation through comparison with China for the same period. The wall inside the Buddhist altar of the 1․9 temple sites is made with plaster composed of mud and lime, and supportive poles. Those techniques for plastering wall were confirmed in Baekje of the Three period kingdom, in Han and Dang dynasty of China, and also in Japanese temple sites. The ㆍ․4ㆍ5ㆍ6ㆍ9 temple sites are separated into interior and exterior partitions, and the structural walls are established in the both partitions, those are similar to the temple sites in Tang Dynasty. However it is hard to find similarities with the 1․9 temple sites which have structural walls that are composed with supportive pole, structural walls which were made by mud, furthermore it is also hard to find the comparative objects. Like the 4ㆍ5ㆍ9 temple sites, empty space between the buddhist altar and structural walls, and the 9 temple sites has specific composition of the interior partition which are covered on 4 sides with supportive pole․ structural walls which were made by mud. I assume that the main buddhist images and assistant buddhist images that were enshrined on pedestals are molded statues, this is confirmed by the pieces of large and middle size molded statues which were excavated in the buddhist altar around the 1ㆍ4ㆍ5ㆍ6ㆍ9 temple sites. Also I indicate three assumption proposals about the original enshrinement spots of small molding statues in the 4ㆍ5 temple sites - a Buddhist image which was sticking on halo of main buddhist images, the possibility to stick interior partition walls, and between the interior and the exterior partition or between wall of the interior partition and the buddhist altar. In comparison with chinese examples, the second and the third assumption proposals are persuasive, especially I inference the third one, namely the molding statues were enshrined on independent buddhist altar, is closer to the original state.