호남지역 마한·백제 토기가마의 특징과 신기술 도입양상

Abstract

This study focuses on the characteristics of the pottery kilns of Mahan and Baekje that have been discovered in the Honam area, based on the results of the latest excavation and research, including the distribution and structure of the kilns as well as the production and distribution system operated for the kilns. It also deals with various aspects related with the introduction of new technologies. The pottery kilns in the Honam area can be divided into two groups according to their size and productivity: small kilns operated to meet the domestic demand of the settlements with which they were affiliated, and large, more productive kilns run by potters with specialized knowledge and skills. As regards the structure of the kilns, the kilns in Period I were marked by a semi-subterranean, and comparatively small, structure, whereas those in Period II tended to feature larger, and increasingly subterranean, furnaces which were used to produce hard-plain pottery. Over time, facilities were gradually added to the kilns to improve their thermal efficiency, reflecting the socio-economic goal of increasing production to meet the rapidly growing demand. The pottery production group in the Yeongsangang River basin adopted new structures for their kilns, such as the 3-2 Type, to which a structure designed for vertical firing was added, and the 2-2 Type, whose furnace had a stepped floor. The pottery production system is observed to become professional through specialized production groups in the non-professional and semi-professional stages where molding and firing processes are separated. Of the two, the semi-professional production system operated within a settlement was based on a narrow-range distribution, supplying products across an area with a radius of just 1 to 2 kilometers (Stage I) and gradually extending it to 2 to 4 kilometers (Stage II). The professional production system operated by professional potters was based on a wide-range distribution, covering an area with a radius of 15 to 30 kilometers. These differences in the range of distribution and the kiln structures have helped archaeologists to identify the areas covered by each group of professional potters. The introduction of new firing techniques in the course of the development of pottery kilns seems to have been related with socio-economic factors related with the need to spread beating patterned pottery. The extant features associated with the pottery firing that produced hard-plain pottery before the introduction of the pottery kiln are marked by ditch shapes with a sloped floor and a clay covering, providing evidence of an indirect application of the cognitive information of pottery kiln, although these features are not parts of a closed kiln structure. The firing techniques used by these pottery kilns were spread to nationwide sometime between the third and fourth centuries by those seeking product safety and improved production, as suggested by the kilns with a long elliptical form with a sloped floor discovered in the southern part of China, the kilns with a stepped floor and a short furnace, and those with a subterranean tunnel-type structure in the northern area. Diversification of the vessels and improved productivity led to greater complexity in the kiln structure, resulting in the introduction of new technical features - such as the subterranean furnace, vertical firing, and the stepped floor - to the Stage II kilns in the Honam area. Of the new features, the structure designed for vertical firing was introduced to the Chungcheong area when the pottery techniques from Nangnang advanced southward to the areas around Paju and Jincheon, before arriving in the Honam area in the mid-fifth century, where it was spread widely by potters based in the area Haengam-dong in Gwangju.