완벽주의자 하위 유형 분류 연구-평가염려·개인기준 완벽주의자 중심으로
The Classification between Evaluative Concerns Perfectionists and Personal Standards Perfectionists
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초록
본 연구는 완벽주의자들을 완벽주의의 평가염려와 개인기준 차원에 따라 경험적으로 분류할 수 있는지 검증해보고, 상담이나 연구에 실제적인 도움을 줄 수 있도록 그들을 구분할 수 있는 절단점(cutoff score)을 제시하고자 했다. 이를 위하여 대학(원)생 1,036명을 대상으로 설문을 실시하였고, 표본(400명, 373명, 263명)을 3개로 나누어 분석을 하였다. 먼저, Frost 등의 다차원적 완벽주의 척도(FMPS)의 평가염려와 개인기준 차원에 따라 완벽주의자들을 분류하고, 이들의 심리적 특성을 비교하였다. 400명을 무선표집하여 위계적 군집분석, K-평균 군집분석을 하였고, 그 결과 평가염려 완벽주의자, 개인기준 완벽주의자, 비완벽주의자 세 집단으로 분류되었다. 그리고 일원변량분석과 사후검증을 통하여 완벽주의 차원과 심리적 특성에 있어 집단간 유의한 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 평가염려 완벽주의자들은 심리적 부적응을 반영하는 불안, 우울 정도가 가장 높았고, 개인기준 완벽주의자들은 심리적 적응을 반영하는 생활만족감, 자존감이 높았다. 다음으로, 평가염려 완벽주의자들을 분류할 수 있는 절단점을 찾기 위해 군집분석, 교차타당화된 판별함수분석, 민감도와 특이도를 고려한 ROC 곡선 그래프 분석을 하였다. 또한 본 연구에서 정한 절단점의 타당성을 확보하기 위해 절단점을 표본 3(263명)에 적용하여 완벽주의자를 분류한 뒤, 집단간 특성을 비교하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 완벽주의의 부적응적 특성은 완벽주의의 높은 기준 자체에 있는 것이 아니라 평가적 염려에서 비롯됨을 시사하며, 본 연구에서 제시한 절단점은 완벽주의자 분류 혹은 진단과 관련하여 유용하게 이용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
Abstract
This study empirically examined the possibility of distinguishing evaluative concerns perfectionists and personal standards perfectionists based on the dimensions of them. This study also pursued to find the cutoff scores that can be helpful for counselors and researchers empirically to discern the two kinds of perfectionists with ease. A total sample of 1,036 of undergraduate and graduate students was divided into three samples(n=400, 373, 263) for the analysis. First, this study classified perfectionists with two dimensions from the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale(FMPS), evaluative concern factors and personal standards factors, and compared their psychological traits. This study randomly sampled 400 subjects, and the did hierarchical cluster analysis and K-means cluster analysis. From these analyses, three groups were identified; evaluative concerns perfectionists, personal standards perfectionists, and non-perfectionists. The study identified significant differences between groups on dimensions of perfectionism and psychological traits. Evaluative concerns perfectionists showed more depression and anxiety, which reflected their lack of psychological adaptiveness. On the other hand, personal standards perfectionists showed higher life satisfaction and self-esteem. Next, cluster analysis and discriminant function analysis were completed and cut off scores were decided by the ROC curves considering sensitivity and specificity. This study applied the cutoff score, resulting from the research, on the last sample (n=263), and proved its validity. The result of this study demonstrates that evaluative concern dimensions cause more psychological distress than the high standards of perfectionists, which has significant meaning for counseling. Moreover, counselors and researchers hopefully can use the cutoff scores in determining and classifying perfectionists.
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