淸 入關 前 동아시아 국제질서의 再編과 日本
Reorganization of East Asian International Order before 1644 and Japan
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The aim of this paper is to define the differences between Ming-Japan relations and Qing-Japan relations and reveal the reason for them. Qing dynasty permitted only private trade with Japan without the investiture-tribute that was the typical way that the international trade is conducted in East Asia in Ming period. I call such trade ‘trade relations’ to distinguish it from the investiture-tribute relations. It has widely been understood that the relations started from the mid-16th century when the investiture-tribute relations were severed between Ming and Japan—in 1567, Ming dynasty abolished the embargo on overseas trade and opened the Port Moon(月港). However, Qing dynasty had tried to establish investiture-tribute relations with Japan before 1644 when Qing dynasty entered the Shahai pass(山海關), because it was concerned about the possibility that Japan might form an alliance with Ming and Joseon against Qing. In fact, historical evidence shows that Qing wanted to put Japan under its investiture-tribute system right after 1644. Therefore, it is wrong that Qing did not pursue a formal diplomatic relations with Japan in the beginning. However, Qing did not succeed in making such relations because not only Japan did not want those relations but Qing did not make any effort aggressively. I suggest that this attitude of Qing dynasty is due to its view of the investitutre-tribute system different from Ming dynasty.
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to define the differences between Ming-Japan relations and Qing-Japan relations and reveal the reason for them. Qing dynasty permitted only private trade with Japan without the investiture-tribute that was the typical way that the international trade is conducted in East Asia in Ming period. I call such trade ‘trade relations’ to distinguish it from the investiture-tribute relations. It has widely been understood that the relations started from the mid-16th century when the investiture-tribute relations were severed between Ming and Japan—in 1567, Ming dynasty abolished the embargo on overseas trade and opened the Port Moon(月港). However, Qing dynasty had tried to establish investiture-tribute relations with Japan before 1644 when Qing dynasty entered the Shahai pass(山海關), because it was concerned about the possibility that Japan might form an alliance with Ming and Joseon against Qing. In fact, historical evidence shows that Qing wanted to put Japan under its investiture-tribute system right after 1644. Therefore, it is wrong that Qing did not pursue a formal diplomatic relations with Japan in the beginning. However, Qing did not succeed in making such relations because not only Japan did not want those relations but Qing did not make any effort aggressively. I suggest that this attitude of Qing dynasty is due to its view of the investitutre-tribute system different from Ming dynasty.
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