개인윤리와 공동체주의에 관한 9-10세기 이슬람 정치철학에 관한 고찰
A Study on the Islamic Philosophy in 9-10th Century for the Individual Ethics and Communitarianism
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현대 사회는 이른바 다원주의의 시대이다. 제각기 다른 사람들이 모여 사는 사회에는 온갖 문제가 있게 마련이다. 이를 사실의 문제로 보는 입장도 있고, 사회 정의론의 출발점으로 보는 입장도 있다. 우리 사회도 이른바 민주화가 진행되면서 개인의 자율성 및 다양성과 관련된 문제들이 증폭되었다. 그러나 개인들 간의 갈등이 일어날 때 국가는 가능한 개입해서는 안 되는가? 사회의 기본 질서를 침해하지 않는다면 삶의 방식은 전적으로 개인의 선택에 맡겨야 하는가?이 글에서 연구자는 일차적으로 개인 윤리와 공동체주의와 관련된 이슬람 정치 철학의 논쟁이 역사적으로 어떻게 촉발되었는지를 살펴보면서 어떤 쟁점들에 천착하고 있는지 또한 이 주장들이 가지고 있는 철학적 함의들이 무엇인지를 살펴볼 것이다. 동시에 연구자는 이슬람 정치 철학의 논쟁들의 핵심 개념들이 그리스 정치 철학에 많은 영향을 받고 있으며 단지 이슬람 종교의 철학적 이론화에만 그치는 것이 아니라 그리스 철학의 정치 철학적인 모델들을 종교를 통해서 구현하려는 그리스 정치 철학의 실천적 모델로서 이슬람 공동체를 구현하고 있음을 보여주고자 한다.
Abstract
Modern society is characterized as pluralism. There are many problems in our society where different people came together. One considers it as the matter of fact, while the other regards it as the starting point of the theory of social justice. In our society increase the problems on the autonomy of individuals and multiplicity as the democracy goes. If there were the conflicts between individuals, should not the nation intervene at all? The basic question is whether the personal choice is the most important criterion unless it doesn't violate basic orders of the society. In this article I examine the historical background of philosophical debates on the conflict between individual ethics and communitarianism in the history of the Islamic political philosophy in the 9-10th century. I analyze the basic ideas of different muslim philosopher on this subject and explore the philosophical implication of these debates on the islamic political philosophy. Again I point out that the foundations of islamic political philosophy were influenced from ancient Greek political philosophy. Muslim philosophers tried not only to build the metaphysical system of Islamic religion, but also to actualize their philosophical models in their society by the means of philosophical religion. I show how they were building their ideology as Islamic community as the practical model of the Greek political philosophy.
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