2019년 ICJ의 법원 규칙 개정에 따른本案前 抗辯의 변동
Posible Changes in Preliminary Objections under the ICJ Rules of Court as amended in 2019
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2019년 10월 21일 ICJ는 그 법원 규칙의 일부 조항을 개정했고, 개정된 법원 규칙은 같은날 발효하였다. 이번 개정으로 본안전 항변에 관한 종전 법원 규칙 제79조는 ‘본안전 문제’에 관한 제79조, ‘본안전 항변’에 관한 제79조의2, 그리고 이 둘의 절차에 관한 제79조의3으로 재편성되었다. 개정 전후를 비교해 보면, 개정된 조문들은 종전 법원 규칙 제79조 제1항내지 제9항의 순서를 재배열하고 또 일부 문구를 변경한 것임을 알 수 있다. 개정 전 법원규칙에 따르더라도 ICJ가 직권으로 본안전 단계를 본안 단계와 분리하여 심리할 수 있었지만, 이 절차 단계의 분리 여부를 좌우하는 일차적인 요소는 소송 당사국이 제기하는 본안전항변이고 제79조 제2항에 따른 ICJ의 직권 분리 결정은 보충적인 요소일 뿐이었다. 반면개정된 법원 규칙에 따르면, 제79조에 따른 ICJ의 직권 분리 결정이 우선이고 그러한 결정이 없는 경우에만 소송 당사국의 본안전 항변 제기 여부가 본안 단계와 본안전 단계의 분리 여부를 좌우하게 된다. 또한 개정된 법원 규칙 제79조에 따라 본안과 본안전 문제를 분리하여 심리하기로 하는 ICJ의 결정은 본안에 관한 서면 변론이 시작되기 전에 이루어지지만, 제79조의2에 따른 피제소국의 본안전 항변은 보통 제소국이 이유서를 제출한 이후에제기된다. 한편 ICJ는 소송 당사국들의 의사에 반하여 본안전 문제나 항변을 본안의 틀 안에서 심리하도록 결정하지는 못한다. ICJ가 본안전 단계와 본안 단계의 분리 원칙을 고수하는 이유를 공식적으로 밝힌 적은 없으나, 두 단계를 통합한 이후 소가 각하됨으로써 본안에관한 변론이 불필요한 것으로 판명될 우려 때문일 수도 있고 이른바 ‘판단합산의 역설’이발생할 우려 때문일 수도 있을 것이다. 그 이유가 전자라면 ICJ의 법원 규칙에 대한 추후의검토 과정에서 해당 조항이 개정될 수도 있겠으나, 후자라면 쉽게 개정되기는 어려울 것이다.
Abstract
The International Court of Justice (“ICJ”) amended its Rules of Court on 21 October2019, and the amended Rules of Court entered into force on the same day. One of themost striking aspects of this amendment sems to be the reorganization of Article 79 ofthe previous Rules. An overal comparison betwen the relevant Articles of the previousRules and of the amended ones reveals that Article 79, paragraphs 1 through 9, of theprevious Rules have ben rearanged and partly modifed in the new Rules as Articles79, 79bis, and 79ter, providing for ‘preliminary questions’, ‘preliminary objections’, andthe procedures on such questions and objections, respectively. Under the previous Rules,the bifurcation of the procedings depends primarily on whether or not a party makespreliminary objections. Under the new Rules, however, a party may raise preliminaryobjections only when the ICJ has not taken any decision that questions concerning itsjurisdiction and admisibilty of the aplication shal be determined separately. It isbefore the submision of pleadings by the parties when the ICJ takes a decision that suchpreliminary questions shal be determined separately in acordance with Article 79,paragraph 1, of the new Rules, while a party makes preliminary objections under Article 79bis of the same Rules usualy after the delivery of the Memorial by the aplicant. Onthe other hand, the ICJ may not decide that the preliminary objections raised by a partybe heard and determined within the framework of the merits unles the parties haveagred to that efect. Two posible reasons are conceivable. First, determination of thepreliminary objections within the framework of the merits would result in unecesarypleadings on the merits if the ICJ were proved without jurisdiction or the aplicationinadmisible. Second, the co-caled ‘doctrinal paradox’ might ocur in some case
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