외교적 목적을 위한 국제법원의 전략적 활용
Strategic Utilization of International Courts for Diplomatic Objectives
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ICJ를 비롯한 국제법원에 회부된 사건 중에는, 소송 당사국이 선택한 소송행위가 법적으로 금지되지는 않았지만 거의 전례가 없는 것이라는 의미에서 이례적인 경우도 있었다. 이런 이례적인 사건이 발생한 원인은 국제분쟁의 당사국이 자국의 외교정책 목표를 달성하기 위해 전략적 소송을 개시하거나, 소송절차의 각 단계에서 자국의 소송전략을 실현하려 한다는 데서 찾을 수 있을 것이다. 이 글은 이런 전략적 소송 혹은 소송전략을 분석하기 위한 기초 작업으로서 분쟁 당사국의 전략적 선택을 유형별로 분류해 보고자 했다. 국제법원에 제소하는 단계에서는 관계국들이 협의를 통하여 피소국과 직접적인 관계가 없어 보이는 국가를 제소국으로 선정하기도 하고(제소국 선정), 제소국이 둘 이상의 국제법원에 한꺼번에 혹은 순차적으로 제소하기도 하며(각각 병행 제소와 순차 제소), 피소국이 제소국과 같은 혹은 다른 국제법원에 역으로 제소하기도 했다(교차 제소). 소송절차가 개시된 후에도 소송 당사국은 본안전 항변이나 보전조치 등에 관한 일련의 부수적 절차를 이용함으로써 소송절차의 지연을 초래하거나(지연전술), 제소국이 이미 선고된 판결의 해석을 신청함으로써 그 판결을 이행하지 않고 있던 피소국에 그 판결을 이행하라는 압력이 발생하기도 했다. 또 제소국이 재판 외 해결을 위해 이미 제기한 소를 취하했다가 나중에 다시 소를 제기하기도 하고, 심지어 스스로 개시한 소송절차에서 패소를 자초하기도 했다(고의 패소). 고의 패소의 경우처럼 본안에 관한 소송절차와 권고적 의견에 관한 분쟁 당사국의 전략적 선택은 사건마다 달라서 일반화하기 어렵지만, 분쟁 당사국이 국제법원의 각종 절차를 전략적으로 이용한다는 사실은 소송이 말하자면 또 다른 수단에 의한 정치의 연장임을 가리킨다고 할 수 있을 것이다.
Abstract
In some cases brought before international courts, including the ICJ, the procedural act chosen by the parties to the case was unusual in the sense that, although not legally prohibited, it was almost unprecedented. These unusual incidents could be explained by the fact that each party to an international dispute would initiate strategic litigation to achieve its own foreign policy goals, or try to realize its own litigation strategy at each stage of the litigation process. As a basis for analyzing such strategic litigation or litigation strategy, this paper attempts at classifying the strategic choices of the parties to the dispute. At the stage of filing an Application with an international court, like-minded States may after consultation select a State that does not appear to have a direct relationship with the Respondent State (selection of the Applicant), and the Applicant may file an Application with two or more international courts simultaneously or sequentially (parallel proceedings and sequential proceedings, respectively), and the Respondent State may file its own Application with the same or a different international court with which the Applicant State has filed its Application. After the proceedings have commenced, one of the parties to the case may cause delay in the contentious procedures by employing a series of incidental procedures regarding preliminary objections, provisional measures, etc. (delaying tactic), or the Applicant may request an interpretation of the judgment already given in order to put pressure on the Respondent to comply with the judgment. In addition, an Applicant State discontinued a case for an out-of-court settlement, and later filed the same Application again, or even intentionally lost the case which the Applicant itself had brought before an international court (willful loss). As in the case of willful loss, litigating States’ strategic choices regarding proceedings on the merits and advisory opinions differ from case to case. However, strategic litigation at an international court or tribunal may be referred to as continuation of politics by another means than those in war.
참고문헌 (35)
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